CHAPTER 8

TRANSPORT

8.1 ANIMAL
8.1.1 Cardiac Cycle
8.1.2 Control of heart beat
8.1.3 Cardiovascular disease

Mammalian Heart

 The heart sound hear form stethoscope--caused---closing of valves

Sound pattern: lub-dub, lub-dup, lup-dup
1st sound= lub---recoil of blood against the
closed AV valves
2nd sound= dub---recoil of blood against
semilunar valves

8.1.1 Cardiac cycle

Introduction:
Heart contract and relaxes in a rhythmic
cycle:
Contract: ---pump blood
Relaxes: ---heart chamber fill with blood
refer

Cardiac cycle
one complete
sequence of pumping and filling;===the
alternating contraction and relaxation of
heart

Cardiac cycle, two phase

1. Systole
2. Diastole

Systole= contraction phase

Diastole = relaxation phase
Adult human, heart beats= >< 75 beats
per minute
One complete cardiac cycle= 0.8 seconds

Cardiac cycle: 3 stages

1) Atrial systole (contraction of atria)= 0/1
second
2) Ventricular systole (contraction of
ventricles)= 0.3 seconds
3) Diastole (relaxation of atria&ventricles)=
0.4seconds

Stage 1
During
relaxation(atrial and
ventricle diastole):
blood returning from
the large veins---flow
into atria and
ventricles

Stage 2
Atrial systole=0.1sec:
All remaining blood
forces out from atria
ventricles

Stage 3
Ventricular systole
pumps blood
into

Large arteries

ATRIAL SYSTOLE
Forces all remaining blood
out of atria into ventricles
Process:
SAnode stimulated---wave
spread to both atria
Atria contract
Opening of atria-ventricular
valves cause by pressure
of blood
Blood flow into ventricles
(pulmonary& aortic
semilunar valve still close)

Ventricular systole
Atria relax
AVnode sent electrical
impulse---Purkinje fibers--ventricle muscle=
contraction of ventricle
Thus made
blood force to
pulmonary arteries and
aorta
ventricle, blood pressure
there ---bicuspid and
tricuspid valve close==
produce first sound lub

DIASTOLE
Ventricle relax:
Blood pressure in ventricle
lower than pulmonary and
arteries
Semilunar valves close= 2nd
sound dup
When ventricle and atria relax,
Blood flow into heart via:
Vena cavaedeoxygenated
blood
Pulmonary veinsoxygenated
blood

Cardiac cycle repeated

Which of the following ABC represent phase

of cardiac cycle sequence?

Ans: 1: C, 2:B, 3:A

8.1.2 Control of heart beat

Time to deliver O2 is important.
Minutes delay, brain cells die without
O2.
Several mechanism evolve to control
heart beat

Introduction
Cardiac muscle cellscontract without
signal from nervous system= myogenic
Reason: due to specialise region on
heart---sinoatrial (SA) node or
pacemaker

SA node
Fx: Set the rate and timing for heart
muscle to contract
Structure:
Specialised muscle tissue
Located: wall of right atrium (near point where
superior vena cave enter hearts)

Generate electrical impulse:how??

SA node
Fx: Set the rate and timing for heart
muscle to contract
Structure:
Specialised muscle tissue
Located: wall of right atrium (near point where
superior vena cave enter hearts)

Generate electrical impulse:how??

SA node cell membrane---permeable to Na +
Na+ enter cell---cell membrane depolarise
(action potential produce---aka impulse)
---lead production of electrical impulse

control of heart rhythm

SA node generate electrical impulse
Impulse spread to walls of atria
made

Both atria contract

simultaneously

Signal/impulse pass to atrioventricular

(AV) node:
AV nodelocated: wall btwn right atrium and
right ventricle

AV node--depolarise

control of heart rhythm

At AV node, impulse delay (><) 0.1 second
(B4 spread to wall of ventricle)
0.1 sec: cardiac cycle= atrial systole force all
remaining blood into the ventricle

control of heart rhythm

Next, specialize tissue= Purkinje fibers
conduct signal(AV node)
to

Heart apex
and
Throughout ventricular walls

Made both ventricle contact:

blood(ventricle) force out to pulmonary
artery and aorta

Show the spread of impulse

Show the contraction of atria and

ventricle in response of impulse

Control of heart beat

FYI
Impulse that travel cardiac muscle during
cardiac cycle---produce electrical currents
This current---can be detected by
Recorded as
electrods
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

PQRST= electrocardiogram

 Describe about the P, QRS and T wave of

the electrocardiogram

 P= depolarisation of atria
Btwn PQ(light pink color)= 0.1 sec: time
taken for spreading impulse from atria to
AV node
QRS complex= depolarisation of
ventricle----continue with ventricle
contraction
T: ventricle slowly repolarise

Intro:
Vertebrate nervous system
PNS:

CNS
PNS

1. Somatic nervous system:

respons to external stimuli from skeletal muscle;

voluntary

2. Autonomic nervous system:

regulate internal environment(eg: control cardiac

muscle, endocrine system etc); involuntary

 3 division: parasympathetic, sympathetic

and enteric----made up autonomic
nervous system

THUS in Extrinsic factor modifying

the heart rate
Sympathetic nerve: release noradrenaline

to heart

Increase heart rate and stroke volume

parasympathetic nerve: release

acetycholine to heart

Slow down heart rate

Lower strength of contraction

Other extrinsic factor modifying the

heart rate
Hormone secreted in blood:
Epinephrine hormone (fight-or-flight) by
adrenal glands----increase heart rate

Body temperature:
An increase of 1C= raise heart rate about 10
heart per minute
Fever- your pulse increase

8.1.3 Cardiovascular disease

Introduction
Cardiovascular disease--- disease of heart
and blood vessel
Eventually---lead to heart attack
(myocardial infarction) or stroke
Heart attackdeath of cardiac muscle
REASON
Blockage of coronary arteries( dat supply O )
tissue
Stroke---death of nervous tissue in brain
2

REASON

Rupture or blockage of arteries in head

Cardiovascular disease:
Arterioschlerosis
Hypertension

Arterioschlerosis
How it develop??

Arterioschlerosis
How it develop??
Due to growths of plague on inner walls of
arteries
Plaque??

Arterioschlerosis
How it develop??
Due to growths of plague on inner walls of
arteries

Plaque??
Form at artery site where: smooth muscle
layer thickens abnormarlly----then infiltrated
with fibrous connective tissue and cholesterol

Plague of arterioschlerosis: hardened by

calcium deposit

Arterioschlerosis
this

Plaque deposit at inner wall------narrow

the arteries
Then Embolus will trapped in that narrow
arteries
As atheriosclerosis progress, artery
become more cloggedthreat to heart
attack/stroke
Earlier warning---coronary artery block:
person feel chest pain(aka angina
pectoris):
Indicate some part of heart Xreceive enough O2

Embolism:embolus trapped

Hypertension
What??

Hypertension
Aka high blood pressure
Promote Arterioschlerosis