DIVERSITY OF

MICROBIAL
WORLD
Kelompok 6

MICROBIAL WORLD

Beyond your level of vision exists a

microbial world teeming with life
Generally, if we think of microbes at
all, we think of them as disease
agents
Today, microbes are also being used
in the rapidly growing biotechnology
field
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MICROBES FLOURISH

Present on Earth 3.5 to 4 billion

years ago
Evolving and expanding into new
environments
Driven the development of new
ecosystems

CLASSIFICATION
Living organisms can be grouped
into three domains:
a. The Archea
Eukaryotes
b. The Bacteria
Prokaryotes
c. The Eucaria

Comparison of Key Characteristics

from The Three Domains of Life
BACTERIA

ARCAHEA

EUKARYA

CELL TYPE

Prokaryotic

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

CELL WALL

Contains
peptidoglycan

Lacks
peptidoclycan

If present
contains
peptidoglycan

Ester links

Ester links

PLASMA MEMBRANE Ester links

between polar
LIPID
head & fatty
acids

RNA POLYMERASE

One (4 subunits)

Several (8-12
subunits each)

Three (12-14
subunits each)

INITIATOR tRNA

Formylmethionin
e

Methionine

Methionine

UNIVERSAL PHYLOGENETIC TREE

STUCTURE OF PROKARYOTES

STUCTURE OF EUKARYOTES

CHEMICAL COMPOTITION
COMPONENT

NUCLEIC ACID
PROTEIN
POLYSACCHARIDE
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
LIPID

PROKARYOTE
(%)

EUKARYOTE
(%)

10
40
15
10
15

5
45
15
0
20

Relative sizes of microorganisms

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Comparison of Cells and Viruses

NORMAL FLORA

Regularly found in certain area in

human body
Predominant component bacteria
They proliferate in on the mucosa and
particularly in the gastrointestinal
tract400 different species
Over 99% of the normal mucosal flora
are obligate anaerobes, dominated by
the gram-negative & anaerobes

Benefit for their hosts:

penetrate into the host through

microtraumas, resulting in a continuous

stimulation of the immune system
compete for living space with overtly
pathogenic species (colonization resistance)

Potentially harmful effect: cause

infections in immunocompromised
individuals

Disturbed balance
may lead to infections
Factors:
Reduced body defences
Increase pathogenicity
Alteration by antibiotics

Broad spectrum can:

1. Disrupt normal flora
2. Allow overgrowth of resistant bacteria

Normal Flora and The Regions

CATEGORIES OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS

PRIONS
Prions are abnormal forms of a host prion
protein (PrP)
These agents cause transmissible
spongiform encephalopathies including
Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, bovine
spongiform encephalopathy, and variant
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
The protease-resistant PrP promotes
conversion of the normal proteasesensitive PrP to the abnormal
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PRION

VIRUSES

Viruses are obligate intracellular

parasiteshost cell's metabolic their
replication

Viruses consist of nucleic acid genome

( DNA or RNA ) surrounded by a protein
coat (capsed)

The shape of the capsid icosahedral or

helical and sometimes covered by lipid
envelope
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EXAMPLES:

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) cytomegalic

inclusion disease
Herpes virus cold sore, genital herpes
Hepatitis A-E virus acute & chronic
hepatitis
Varicella-zoster virus chickenpox
Human papillomaviruscondyloma, cervial
carcinoma
Polio virus poliomyelitis
Epstein Barr virus infectious
mononucleosis
HIV-1 and HIV-2 AIDS

BACTERIOPHAGES, PLASMIDS,
TRANSPOSONS

Mobile genetic elements that infect

bacteria and can indirectly cause human
diseases by encoding bacterial virulence
factors

Bacteriophages or plasmids can convert

otherwise nonpathogenic bacteria into
virulent ones

Plasmids or transposons encoding

antibiotic resistance
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DIAGRAM OF BACTERIOPHAGE

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BACTERIA

Bacterial infections are common causes of

disease
Bacterial cells are prokaryotes
Classified by Gram staining (positive or
negative), shape (e.g., spherical ones are
cocci; rod-shaped ones are bacilli), and form
of respiration (aerobic or anaerobic)
There are two forms of cell wall structures:
Gram-positive bacteria(retains crystal violet stains)
Gram-negative bacteria (not retains crystal violet

stains)
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Most bacteria synthesize their own

DNA, RNA, and proteins, but host
for their nutrition
Most bacteriaextracellular,
Obligate intracellular bacteriacan
grow only within host cells
Facultative intracellular bacteria
can survive and replicate either
outside or inside of host cells

Differences of gram negative and gram

positive bacteria

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Property
Thickness of wall
Number of layers
Peptidoglycan (murein)
content
Teichoic acids in wall
Lipid and lipoprotein
content
Protein content
Lipopolysaccharide
content
Sensitivity to Penicillin G
Sensitivity to lysozyme

Grampositive
thick (20-80
nm)
1

Gramnegative
thin (10 nm)

>50%

10-20%

present

absent

0-3%

58%

9%

13%
no (some
exceptions
no

yes
yes

Basic shape of bacteria

Shape and arrangements of bacterial cell

Escherichia coli

Staphylococcus aureus

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Borrelia burgdorferi

MICROBIAL METABOLISM
Microorganisms vary with regard to the
sources of energy
a. Phototroph
light
b. Chemotroph
chemical
c. Chemoorganotroph
organic
compound

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MICROBIAL METABOLISM
A Cells Metabolism can be devided into
the following 5 sections:
1. The

conversion of the carbon of nutrients

into basic building block to be used in
biosynthesis

2. The

conversion of ADP to ATP by the

energy yielding metabolism
These two processes can be considered
together as CATABOLISM
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MICROBIAL METABOLISM
3. The Building Block are converted
to monomers eventualy in an
activated form
4. These activated monomers are
polymerized
These two biosynthetic processes
comprising ANABOLISM require
energy mainly provided as ATP
5. The Polymers are transported to the
appropriate area of the cell for their
proper function

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CHLAMYDIAE, RICKETTSIAE,
MYCOPLASMAS

These microbes are grouped together because

like a bacteria devide by binary fission& sensitive
to antibiotics but lack of certain structures

Mycoplasm lack a cell wall and Chlamydia

cannot synthesize adenosine triphosphate [ATP]

Chlamydiae and Rickettsiae are obligate

intracellular organism that replicate in
membrane-bound vacuoles in epithelial cells and
the cytoplasm of endothelial cells

Rickettsiae are notable for their transmission by

arthropod vectors, including lice, ticks, and mites
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Chlamydia trachomatis is the most frequent

infectious cause of female sterility and
blindness

By injuring endothelial cells, rickettsiae cause

a hemorrhagic vasculitis, may also cause a
transient pneumonia or hepatitis (Q fever) or
injure the central nervous system (CNS)

Mycoplasma eg. M. pneumoniae spreads

from person to person by aerosols, binds to
the surface of epithelial cells in the airways,
and causes an atypical pneumonia

FUNGI

Fungi are eukaryotes that thick chitin-containing cell

walls and ergosterol-containing cell membranes
Fungi can grow either as budding yeast cells or as
slender filamentous hyphae.
Hyphae may be septate or aseptate
Fungi may produce sexual spores or, asexual spores
Fungi may cause superficial or deep infections:
- Superficial infections involve the skin, hair, and
nails (Dermatophyts: tinea pedis, tinea capitis)
- Deep fungal infections can destroying vital
organs in immunocompromised hosts (candida,
aspergillus, cryptococcus)

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Yeast - Candida albicans

PROTOZOA

Parasitic protozoa are eukaryotes

Protozoa can replicate intracellularly within a

variety of cells (Plasmodium in red blood
cells, Leishmania in macrophages) or
extracellularly in the urogenital system,
intestine, or blood

Trichomonas vaginalis are parasites that are

sexually transmitted and can colonize the
vagina and male urethra.
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Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia, have

two forms:
(1) nonmotile cysts that are resistant to stomach acids and
are infectious when ingested
(2) motile trophozoites that multiply in the intestinal lumen

Blood-borne protozoa (e.g., Plasmodium,

Trypanosoma, and Leishmania) replicate within
insect vectors before transmission to human hosts

Toxoplasma gondii is acquired either by contact

with oocyst-shedding kittens or by consumption of
cyst-ridden undercooked meat

Trichomonas vaginalis

Toxoplasma gondii

Fungi and protozoa comparison

P
R
O
T
O
Z
O
A

F
U
N
G
I

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HELMINTHS

Parasitic worms are highly differentiated

multicellular organisms
Depending on parasite species, humans
may harbor either adult worms (Ascaris
lumbricoides) or immature stages
(Toxocara canis) or asexual larval forms
(Echinococcus species)
There are two consequences of
replication of adult worms:
Disease is often caused by inflammatory

responses to the eggs or larvae rather than to the

adults
Disease is in proportion to the number of
organisms that have infected the individual
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Roundworms (nematodes) have a collagenous

tegument and a nonsegmented structure (Ascaris
species, hookworms, Strongyloides, Trichinella
species among the tissue invaders)
Flatworms (cestodes) are gutless worms whose
head (scolex) sprouts a ribbon of flat segments
(proglottids) covered by an absorptive tegument.
(pork, beef, and fish tapeworms and the cystic
tapeworm larvae (cysticerci and hydatid cysts)
Flukes (trematodes) are leaflike worms with a
syncytial integument (the Asian liver and lung
flukes and the blood-dwelling schistosomes)

Ascaris lumbricoides

Fasciola hepatica
Schistosoma mansoni

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ECTOPARASITES

Ectoparasites are insects (lice, bedbugs, fleas) or

arachnids (mites, ticks, spiders) that attach to
and live on or in the skin

Arthropods may produce disease by direct tissue

damage or indirectly by serving as the vectors
for transmission of infectious agents (e.g., deer
ticks transmit the Lyme disease spirochete B.
burgdorferi)

Some arthropods induce itching and excoriations

(e.g., pediculosis hair shafts, or scabies caused
the stratum corneum)
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THANK YOU