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THEODOLITE SURVEYING
THEODOLITE SURVEYING
THEODOLITE
SURVEYING
THEODOLITE SURVEYING
The system of surveying in which the angles are
measured with the help of a theodolite, is called
Theodolite surveying.
THEODOLITE SURVEYING
THEODOLITE
The Theodolite is a most accurate surveying
instrument mainly used for :
Measuring horizontal and vertical angles.
Locating points on a line.
Prolonging survey lines.
Finding difference of level.
Setting out grades
Ranging curves
Tacheometric Survey
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THEODOLITE
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THEODOLITE
THEODOLITE
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VERNIER THEODOLITE
Vertical axis
Traverse/horizontal axis
Vertical circle rigidly fixed to
the telescope
Line of Sight
Alidade assembly
Horizontal circle
assembly
Levelling head assembly
Vernier theodolite is
also known and transit.
A transit theodolite is
one in which the
telescope can be
rotated in a vertical
plane.
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THEODOLITE
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CLASSIFICATION OF THEODOLITES
Theodolites may be classified as ;
A.
i) Transit Theodolite.
ii) Non Transit Theodolite.
B.
i) Vernier Theodolites.
ii) Micrometer Theodolites.
THEODOLITE SURVEYING
CLASSIFICATION OF THEODOLITES
A. Transit Theodolite: A theodolite is called a transit
theodolite when its telescope can be transited i.e
revolved through a complete revolution about its
horizontal axis in the vertical plane, whereas in aNon-Transit type, the telescope cannot be
transited. They are inferior in utility and have now
become obsolete.
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CLASSIFICATION OF THEODOLITES
B.
Vernier Theodolite: For reading the graduated
circle if verniers are used ,the theodolite is called as a
Vernier Theodolite.
Whereas, if a micrometer is provided to read
the graduated circle the same is called as a
Micrometer Theodolite.
Vernier type theodolites are commonly used .
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SIZE OF THEODOLITE
A theodolite is designated by diameter of the
graduated circle on the lower plate.
The common sizes are 8cm to 12 cm while 14 cm to
25 cm instrument are used for triangulation work.
Greater accuracy is achieved with larger
theodolites as they have bigger graduated circle with
larger divisions hence used where the survey works
require high degree of accuracy.
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DESCRIPTION OF A
TRANSIT VERNIER THEODOLITE
A Transit vernier theodolite essentially consist of the
following :
1. Levelling Head.
6. T- Frame.
7. Plumb bob.
3. Upper Plate.
8. Tripod Stand.
4. Telescope.
5. Vernier Scale.
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14
20
15
21
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25
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ADJUSTMENT OF A THEODOLITE
The adjustments of a theodolite are of two kinds :1. Permanent Adjustments.
2. Temporary Adjustments.
1)
Permanent
adjustments:
The
permanent
adjustments are made to establish the relationship
between the fundamental lines of the theodolite and ,
once made , they last for a long time. They are essential
for the accuracy of observations.
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ADJUSTMENT OF A THEODOLITE
1. Permanent adjustments:
The permanent
adjustments in case of a transit theodolites are :i) Adjustment of Horizontal Plate Levels. The axis of
the plate levels must be perpendicular to the vertical
axis.
ii) Collimation Adjustment. The line of collimation
should coincide with the axis of the telescope and
the axis of the objective slide and should be at right
angles to the horizontal axis.
iii) Horizontal axis adjustment. The horizontal axis
must be perpendicular to the vertical axis.
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ADJUSTMENT OF A THEODOLITE
1.
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ADJUSTMENT OF A THEODOLITE
2.
Temporary Adjustment
The temporary adjustments are made at each set
up of the instrument before we start taking
observations with the instrument. There are three
temporary adjustments of a theodolite:i) Centering.
ii) Levelling.
iii)
Focussing.
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Reiteration Method.
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THEODOLITE SURVEYING
o
HORIZONTAL ANGLE AOB
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o
HORIZONTAL ANGLE AOB
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the
the
the
all
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o
HORIZONTAL ANGLE AOB
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Repetition Method.
This method is used for very accurate
work. In this method ,the same angle
is added several times mechanically
and the correct value of the angle is
obtained by dividing the accumulated
reading by the no. of repetitions.
The No. of repetitions made usually in
this method is six, three with the face
left and three with the face right .In
this way ,angles can be measured to a
finer degree of accuracy than that
obtainable with the least count of the
vernier.
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HORIZONTAL ANGLE AOB
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Repetition Method.
To measure horizontal angle by
repetitions:-
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o
HORIZONTAL ANGLE AOB
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HORIZONTAL ANGLE AOB
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Reiteration Method.
This method is another precise and
comparatively less tedious method
of measuring the horizontal angles.
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Reiteration Method
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Reiteration Method.
If not ,the discrepancy is equally
distributed
among all the
measured angles.
Procedure
Suppose it is required to measure
the angles AOB,BOC and COD.
Then to measure these angles by
repetition method :
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D
Reiteration Method
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iii)
Similarly
bisect C & D
successively, read both verniers at-
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D
Reiteration Method
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D
Reiteration Method
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AOB= +
HORI. LINE
AOB= -
O
HORI. LINE
HORI. LINE
Fig. b
Fig.a
Fig. c
VERTICAL ANGLE
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(ii) Set the zero of vertical vernier exactly to the zero of the
vertical circle clamp and tangent screw.
(iii) Bring the bubble of the altitude level in the central position
by using clip screw. The line of sight is thus made horizontal
and vernier still reads zero.
(iv) Loosen the vertical circle clamp screw and direct the
telescope towards the object A and sight it exactly by using
the vertical circle tangent screw.
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Fig.
Magnetic Bearing of a Line
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v)
Fig.
Magnetic Bearing of a Line
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i)
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C
D
i)
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C
D
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D1
C2
D2
Double Sighting / Reversing Method
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C2
Double Sighting / Reversing Method
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D1
D2
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C2
D2
Double Sighting / Reversing Method
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D1
C2
D2
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C1
D1
C2
D2
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TIE L
IN
E
C
B
D
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Balancing of Traverse
In Case of Closed Traverse, the algebraic sum of latitude
must be equal to zero and that of departure must also be
equal to zero in the ideal condition. In other words, the sum
of the northing must equal that of the southing, and the
sum of the easting must be the same as that of the
westing.
But in actual practice, some closing error is always found to
exist while computing the latitude and departure of the
traverse station.
The total errors in latitude and departure are determined.
These errors are then distributed among the traverse stations
proportionately, according to the following rule.
1. BOWDITCH RULE
2. TRANSIT RULE
3. THIRD RULE
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Bowditchs Rule
By this rule, the total error (in latitude or
departure) is distributed in proportion to the length
of the traverse legs. This is the most common
method of traverse adjustment.
(a) Correction to latitude of any side
= Length of that Side x Total Error in latitude
Perimeter of Traverse
(b) Correction to departure of any side
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Transit Rule
(a) Correction to latitude of any
Side
Latitude of that Side x Total Error in
Latitude Arithmetical Sum of all
latitude
(b) Correction to departure of any
Side
Departure of that Side
Error in departure
x Total
Third Rule
(a) Correction to Northing of any Side
Northing of that Side x total error in latitude
Sum of Northing
(b) Correction to Southing of any Side
Southing of that side x total error in latitude
Sum of Southing
(c) Correction to Easting of any Side
Easting of that Side x total error in departure
Sum of Easting
(d) Correction to Westing of any Side
= Westing of that Side x total error in departure
Sum of Westing
If the error is positive, correction will be negative, and vice
versa.
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180
and 180
and 270
RB
Quadrant
RB=WCB
NE
SE
SW
RB= 360
WCB
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Length (L)
Reduced
Bearing
()
Latitude
(LCOS )
Departure
(L Sin )
AB
NE
+ L cos
+ L sin
BC
SE
-L cos
+ Lsin
CD
SW
-L cos
-L sin
DA
NW
+ Lcos
-L sin
Line
Length
(L)
Reduce
d
Coordinates
Bearin
g
Consecutive
()
Northin Southi
g (+) ng
(-)
Easting Westin
(+)
g
(-)
L cos
L sin
AB
NE
BC
SE
Lcos
CD
SW
Lcos
DA
NW
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L cos
Lsin
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Lsin
Lsin
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Personal errors
Natural errors
High temperature causes error due to irregular refraction.
High winds cause vibration in the instrument, and this may
lead to wrong readings on verniers
Closing error
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HOME ASSIGNMENT
Q1. Enumerate the temporary and permanent adjustments of
a theodolite.
Q2. What are various methods used in measuring horizontal
angles ?
Q3. Define following :i) Swinging the telescope.
ii) Plunging or reversing.
iii) Changing face.
iv) Face left.
v) Face right.
Q4. Draw a neat sketch of theodolite and name all the parts.
Q5.
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