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POSTRADO, MIKE JOSHUA M. &

MANALANSAN MATTHEW

OLD ENGLISH
Old English(nglisc, Anglisc,
Englisc) orAnglo-Saxonis the earliest
historical form of theEnglish language,
spoken inEngland and southern and
easternScotlandin the earlyMiddle Ages.
It was brought toGreat Britain byAngloSaxon settlersprobably in the mid 5th
century, and the firstOld English literary
worksdate from the mid 7th century. After
theNorman Conquestof 1066, English was
replaced for a time as the language of the
upper classes byAnglo-Norman, arelative
of French, and Old English developed into
Old English developed from a set ofAnglo-FrisianorNorth
Germanic
dialectsoriginally
the nextSea
historical
form
of English, known
spoken byGermanictribes traditionally known as theAngles,Saxons,
andJutes. As theAngloasMiddle English.
Saxonsbecame dominant in England, their language replaced the languages ofRoman
Britain:Common Brittonic, aCeltic language, andLatin, brought to Britain byRoman invasion. Old
English had four main dialects, associated with particularAnglo-Saxon
kingdoms:Mercian,Northumbrian,KentishandWest Saxon. It was West Saxon that formed the
basis for the literary standard of the later Old English period,although the dominant forms of Middle
andModern English would develop mainly from Mercian. The speech of eastern and northern parts
of England was subject to strongOld Norse influence due toScandinavian ruleand settlement
beginning in the 9th century.
Old English is one of theWest Germanic languages, and its closest relatives areOld
FrisianandOld Saxon. Like other old Germanic languages, it is very different from Modern English
and difficult for Modern English speakers to understand without study.

MIDDLE ENGLISH
Middle English(ME) refers to the varieties of the English
language spoken after theNorman Conquest(1066) until the late
15th century; scholarly opinion varies but the Oxford English
Dictionary specifies the period of 1150 to 1500.This stage of the
development of the English language roughly followed theHighto
theLate Middle Ages.
Middle English developed out of LateOld English, seeing many
dramatic changes in its grammar, pronunciation andorthography.
Writing customs during Middle English times varied widely, but by the
end of the period, about 1470, aided by the invention of the printing
press, a standard based on the London dialect (Chancery Standard)
had become established. This largely forms the basis for Modern
English spelling, although pronunciation has changed considerably
since that time. Middle English was succeeded in England by the era
ofEarly Modern English, which lasted until about 1650. By that time,
a variant of theNorthumbrian dialect(prevalent in northern England
and spoken in southeastScotland) was developing into theScots
language.
During the Middle English period many Old English grammatical
features
wereEnglish
simplified
disappeared.
This includes
the reduction
Middle
alsoorsaw
a mass adoption
ofNorman
Frenchvocabulary, especially in areas
(and
eventual
elimination)
of
mostgrammatical
cases,
the
such as politics, law, the arts, religion and other courtlyand
language.
Everyday English vocabulary
simplification
of
noun,
adjective
and
verbinflection.
remained mostly Germanic, withOld Norseinfluence becoming apparent. Significant changes in
pronunciation took place, especially in the case of long vowels and diphthongs, which in the later
Middle English period began to undergo theGreat Vowel Shift.

What is Modern English ?

Modern English (for

others New English or
NE)
is the form of the
English language
spoken since the Great
Vowel Shift in England ,
which began in the late
14th century and was
completed in roughly
1550.

Great Vowel Shift

A major change in the
pronunciation of the English
Language that took place in
England between 1350-1600
Through the Great Vowel Shift,
all Middle English long vowels
changed their pronunciation
English spelling was become
standardized in the 15th and
16th centuries, and the Great
Vowel Shift is responsible for
many of the peculiarities of
English Spelling

Some facts .
William Shakespeare and King
James Bible are known for using
Modern English since their time
throughout 17th century
English was adopted in regions
around the world
Such as North America, The
Indian Subcontinent, Africa,
Australia and New Zealand
through colonization by the
British Empire.

 There are almost 1 billion

speakers of English as a first or
second language with the
largest number of native
speakers being in the United
Kingdom, Ireland , Canada, The
United States of America ,
Australia , New Zealand also to
large population countries like
India, Pakistan , Philippines and
Southern Africa.
English are widely used for
more purposes than any other
language, its considered as
common language but
genetically its an International
Language.

Types of Modern English

American English
-East coast
-West coast
-Midwest
-Midland
-West
-Elsewhere

Australian English

Indo-Pakistani English

British English
-English English
-Welsh English
-Scottish English
Philippine English

Canadian English

Caribbean English

Hiberno-English

Nigerian English

New Zealand English

Singaporean English

South African English

Examples and Differences

British English
Friend/Mate
Glue
Rubber
Maths
Public School
State School
Holiday
School Dinner
Staff Room
Plimsolls
Mucking Around/Off task
Playtime/Breaktime
Open day/ Open Evening
Marking Schemes
Drawing pins

American English
Friend
Gum
Eraser
Math
Private School
Public School
Vacation
Hot Lunch
Teachers Lounge
Gym Shoes
Fooling around/ Goofing off
Recess
Open House
Grading Scheme
Pushpins/ thumbtacks

Sentences and Words

Vocabulary
American Do you live in
apartment?
British Do you live near the
flats?
Collective
American The band is good can
be refer as (band-team-staff)
British The team are playing
tonight or The team is playing
tonight

Auxiliary
Americans Should we
go now?
British Shall we go
now?
Past Tense Verbs
Using learn
Americans I learned
something
British I learnt
something

Word Formation Process

is the creation of a new
word. Word formation is
sometimes contrasted
with semantic change,
which is a change in a
single word's meaning.

Coinage/Invention

The invention of a totally new

term is called coinage. The
most typical sources are
invented trade names for
commercial products that
become general terms.

Examples
aspirin
nylon
xerox

Borrowing
Borrowing is one of the most
common sources of new words in
English. The words formed by
borrowing of words from other
languages are called loanwords.
Over 80% of the English words are
loanwords, and they are from over
120 languages.
examples :
Chinese ketchup , laisee ,
dimsum
Italian balcony , opera , violin ,
spaghetti
German hamburger, iceberg,
pretzel , kindergarten
France croissant , macaroon ,
resume , mayonnaise
Indian yoga , shampoo
Turkish yogurt , kebab

Compounding
Compounding is the joining of
two separate words to produce
a single word.
Examples:
brainwash
bookworm
busybody
Facebook
fingerprint
loanword
seasick

Blending
Blending is typically
accomplished by combining the
initial part of one word and the
last part of another word.
Examples:
brunch (breakfast + lunch)
kidult (kid + adult)
edutainment (education +
entertainment)
emoticon (emotion + icon)

Clipping/Truncati
on
When a word of more than one
syllable is reduced to a shorter
form, the process is called
clipping.
Examples:
advertisement ad
telephone phone
influenza flu

Back formation
Backformation is the process of
shortening a long word by
cutting off an affix to form a
new word. The new word has a
different part of speech from
the original word.
Examples:
televise television
donate donation
babysit babysitter
backform backformation

Conversion
Conversion refers to the process of changing or converting the class of a word
without changing its form. The word email, for instance, can be used as a verb
in Modern English though it was only a noun in the past.
Examples:
Noun to verb:
bottle(The wine was brewed in France but bottled in Hong Kong.)
butter(Dont butter the bread for me. I prefer jam.)
Verb to noun:
hit(He scored a hit in his first shot.)
cheat(He used some cheats in the computer game to make him win easier.)
must(It is a must for you to visit the Forbidden City if you go to Beijing.)
Adjective to noun:
regular(I am one of the regulars at the pubs in Tsim Sha Tsui.)
final(It is obvious that the LA Lakers will enter the NBA Finals.)
crazy(Stop shouting and running around like a crazy.)
Adjective to verb:
empty(Can you empty the bin for me, please?)
dirty(Dont sit on the floor. You might dirty your dress.)
dry(Caught in the rain, we were soaked to the skin. We dried ourselves beside
the fireplace.)

Acronyms

Acronyms is a type of
abbreviation, which are new
words formed from the initial
letters of a set of words. They
are pronounced as new single
words.
Examples:
NATO(The North Atlantic
Treaty Organization)
UNICEF(The United Nations
Childrens Fund)

Derivation

Derivation is also known as

affixation. New words are
created by adding affixes to an
existing word. For detailed
explanation, refer toInternal
Structure of a Word.

Echoism/Symbolism/Onomat
opoeia

Echoism means the formation

of words by imitating sounds.
Examples:
splash
meow
roar
quack
ouch
cuckoo

Folk Etymology
Folk Etymology refers to the
changing of a word or a phrase
over time which results from
the replacement of an
unfamiliar form by a more
familiar one.
Example:
Bryd-gumanfrom Old English
was changed tobridegroomas
the Old English wordguma(man)
was obsolete.

Reduplication

Reduplication is the formation

of a new word by doubling a
word, either with change of
initial consonants (teenieweenie, walkie-talkie), with
change of vowel (chit-chat,
zig-zag) or without change
(night-night, so-so and winwin).

Multiple
processes
A word can be created through
more than one of the abovementioned processes.