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HEAT TRANSFER
Introduction
Heat transfer is the study of thermal energy (heat)
flows
Heat always flows from hot to cold
Examples are ubiquitous:
HEAT TRANSFER
HEAT - Energy in transit
TEMPERATURE heat measured as a
property
HEAT TRANSFER science involving the
study of principles that govern and the
methods that determine the rate of heat
transfer
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Temperature vs Heat
Temperature
Measurement of
average kinetic
energy of
molecules in a
substance
Measurement of
internal thermal
energy
Heat
Thermal energy
that is transmitted
from one object to
another
Energy in transit
APPLICATIONS
Chemical engineering process equipment,
chemical plants
Mechanical engineering boilers, heat
exchangers, turbines, internal
combustion engines
Nuclear engineering removal of heat
generated by nuclear fission,
design of nuclear rods
Electrical engineering cooling system for
generators, motors, chips,
transformers
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APPLICATIONS
Metallurgical engineering furnaces, heat
treatment
Civil engineering design of suspension
bridges, insulation of buildings,
air conditioning
Cryogenic engineering production, storage,
transportation of cryogenic
liquids
Aeronautical engineering design of space
crafts, missiles, rockets
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Steam Boiler
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insulators
conductors
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Thermal Expansion
A metal ball has a diameter that is slightly greater
than the diameter of a hole that has been cut into
a metal plate. The coefficient of linear expansion
for the metal in the ball is greater than that for the
plate. Which one (or more) of the following
procedures can be used to make the ball pass
through the hole?
A: raise the temperatures of the ball and plate by
the same amount
B: lower the temperatures of the ball and plate by
the same amount
C: heat the ball and cool the plate
D: cool the ball and heat the plate
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Thermal Expansion
Answer: B and D
Since the coefficient of linear expansion of
the ball is greater than the plate, it will
shrink more per change in temperature as
the temperature of both is lowered. Also,
by cooling the ball you will decrease its
size and by heating the plate you will
increase the size of the hole.
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Thermal Expansion
Thermal expansion is
a property of the
material
different materials
expand differently
Engineers need to
take this into account
in their designs:
expansion joints in
bridges
bi-metal strip
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Thermal Expansion
This is how
thermostats workbimetallic strips in
refrigerators, ovens,
etc. open and close a
switch as the
bimetallic strip bends
one way or the other
due to temp changes
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Transfer Mechanism
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Energy transfer by
electromagnetic
waves
Rate of Transfer
Q cond , wall
dT
kA
dx
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Q rad AS (TS4 Tsurr
)
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Q in Q out
dE wall
dt
dE wall
0
dt
rate of
heat transfer
=
out of the wall
rate of change
of the energy
of the wall
Q cond , wall
dT
kA
dx
Q cond , wall
dT
dx
(W)
x 0
T2
cond , wall
Q cond , wall
dx kAdT
T T1
T1 T2
kA
L
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q
Tbody
q h (Tbody T ) h T
h
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(W)
Q conv
Rconv
TS T
Rconv
1
hAS
Rconv
(0C / W)
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RADIATION
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Q rad AS (TS4 Tsurr
)
Rrad
TS Tsurr
Rrad
hrad AS
hrad
Qrad
AS (TS Tsurr )
Rate of
Rate of
Q h1 A(T1 T1 ) kA
heat conduction
heat convection
from the wall
T1 T2
h2 A(T2 T 2 )
L
T1 T1 T1 T2 T2 T 2
Q
1 / h1 A
L / kA
1 / h2 A adding the numerators and denominators
T T T T2 T2 T 2
Q 1 1 1
Rconv ,1
Rwall
Rconv , 2
T1 T 2
Q
Rtotal
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The thermal resistance network for heat transfer through a plane wall
subjected to convection on both sides and the electrical analogy
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THERMAL RESISTANCE
Q cond , wall
Rwall
T1 T2
Rwall
L
kA
(W)
(0C / W)
V V2
I 1
Re
Re
Re L
Electrical resistance
eA
V1 V2 Voltage difference
Electrical
conductivity
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THERMAL RESISTANCE
NETWORKS
Q Q1 Q 2
1
Rtotal
Rtotal
T1 T2 T1 T2
1
1
(T1 T2 )( )
R1
R2
R1 R2
T1 T2
Rtotal
1
1
R1 R2
R1 R2
R1 R2
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COMBINED SERIES-PARALLEL
ARRANGEMENT
T1 T
Q
Rtotal
L1
R1
k1 A1
Rtotal R12 R3 Rconv
L3
R3
k 3 A3
L2
R2
k 2 A2
R1 R2
R3 Rconv
R1 R2
Rconv
hA3
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Q UAT
UA
1
Rtotal
T1 T 2
Q
Rtotal
L1
L2
1
1
h1 A k1 A k 2 A h2 A
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Conduction Example
Compute the heat transfer through the wall
of a home:
Tout = 20 F
Tout = 68 F
Although slight, you
can see the thermal
bridging effect
through the studs
2x6 stud
k=0.15 W/m2-K
sheetrock
k=0.4 W/m2-K
shingles
k=0.15 W/m2-K
fiberglas
sheathing
insulation
2
k=0.15 W/m -K k=0.004 W/m2-K
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Q Q contact Q gap
Q hc ATint erface
Q/ A
hc
Tint erface
(W/m2 0C)
1 Tint erface
Rc
hc
Q/ A
(m2 0C/ W)
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Effect of metallic
coatings on
thermal contact
conductance
Thermal contact
resistance
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Q cond ,cyl
constant
Q cond ,cyl
dT
kA
dr
r2
Q cond ,cyl
r r1
T2
dr kdT
T T1
A 2rL
Q cond ,cyl
T1 T2
2Lk
ln(r2 / r1 )
Q cond ,cyl
T1 T2
Rcyl
Rcyl
ln(r2 / r1 )
2Lk
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FOR SPHERES
Q cond , sph
T1 T2
Rsph
Rsph
r2 r1
4r1 r2 k
A 4r 2
T1 T
Q
Rtotal
including convection
Rtotal
r2 r1
1
4r1r2 k 4r22 h2
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T1 T
T1 T
Q
1
Rins Rconv ln(r2 / r1 )
2Lk
h(2r2 L)
d Q/ dr2 0
show
rcr ,cylinder
Thermal conductivity
External convection heat
transfer coefficient
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r2 rcr
r2 rcr
max
r2 rcr
Before insulation check
for critical radius
rcr , sphere
2k
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- increase h
- increase As
By adding fins
(Car radiators)
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rate of heat
conduction from
the element at
x+x
Q conv h( px)(TS T )
x 0
Q cond , x x Q cond , x
x
rate of heat
convection from
the element
hp(T T ) 0
dQ cond
hp (T T ) 0
dx
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Q cond
(fin)
dT
kAc
dx
d
dT
kAc
hp (T T ) 0
dx
dx
d 2
2
a
0
2
dx
hp
a
kAC
2
At constant AC and k
Solution is;
T T
Boundary condition x = 0
( x) C1e C 2 e
ax
ax
b Tb T
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