GTStrudl PushoverAnalysis

GTSTRUDL
Pushover Analysis
How Do You Do It?
What Do You Get?
GTSTRUDL Users Group

June 18-21, 2003
Clearwater Beach, FL
Topics
Basic Nonlinear Analysis Procedure

Member Material Nonlinearity
Nonlinear Member End Connections
Plastic Hinge
Basic Incremental Nonlinear Analysis Example

Basic Pushover Analysis Procedure
Pushover Analysis Features and Mechanics
Pushover Analysis Examples
Steel Frame with Nonlinear Member End
Connections
Steel Frame with Plastic Hinges
RC Frame with Plastic Hinges by Force Control
RC Frame with Plastic Hinges by Displacement
Control
1.
Basic Nonlinear Analysis

Procedure
Define nonlinearity
NL geometry, T/C only, NL springs, Cable
elements, NL member end connections, Plastic
hinges, Hysteretic friction damper element,
NLS4PH spring element
2.
Define independent load(s) to be

activated
for the nonlinear analysis
FORM LOAD
3.
Specify the nonlinear analysis control

parameters
Iteration and convergence control
4.
Execute the nonlinear analysis
Nonlinear Effects Menu
Nonlinear Effects Menu
Nonlinear Spring Element Menus
Nonlinear Spring Connections

Properties
NLS Member End Connections
Up to 6 uncoupled DOFs
Elastic loading/unloading
behavior
Any member loads

M
Member releases
Member end joint sizes
Member eccentricities
Nonlinear Spring Connections

Data Description
UNITS KIPS INCHES RADIANS
NONLINEAR SPRING PROPERTIES
CURVE Mz MOMENT VS ROTATION SYMMETRIC
0.0
0.0
Mz
2100.0
0.3E-3 -
2100.0
0.3E-2 -
210
0
1000.0
0.301E-2 -
1000
1000.0
0.01
.0003
NONLINEAR EFFECTS
NLS CONNECTION MEMBERS 1 TO 7 START MOMENT Z 'Mz' END
MOMENT Z 'Mz'
.003
.01
Plastic Hinge Effects

Basic Geometry
X-Section details: shape,

dimensions,location
reinforcing steel, material
characteristics, etc.
LH
of

Basic Geometry
Supported Cross Section Shapes
Steel sections from tables

Wide flange, channel, tee, tube, pipe
Reinforced concrete sections

Properties
Y
Hinge/slide
r
yf
UX
LH

Properties
Residual Stress Model for

Wide Flange Sections
Steel Stress-Strain
Model
(Balan, Filippou, Popov,
1998)

Properties
Confined Concrete Stress-Strain

Model
(Mander, Priestley, Park, 1988)

Properties -- Material Property Defaults
Default Concrete Properties

FCP = 4000 psi
EC0 = 0.002
E
= 60200FCP psi
Fr = 7.5FCP psi

Properties Material Stress-Strain
Examples
Steel Stress-Strain Curve, fy = 68 ksi
100
90
80
Eh = 163.6 ksi (default)

70
Eh = 245.4 ksi
Stress (ksi)
60
50
Fy = 68 ksi
40
E = 29000 ksi
sh = 0.0075
30
fsu = 95 ksi
u = 0.09
20
Eh = 163.6 ksi, 245.4

ksi
10
0
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Strain
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1

Properties Material Stress-Strain
Examples
Confined and Unconfined Concrete Stress-Strain Curve
60-inch Circular Cross Section, fcp = 5.28 ksi
8
Confined: Hoops = #8 @ 6 inches

Stress (ksi)
Unconfined
fc = 5.28
ksi
c0 = 0.002
sp = 0.005
fys = 68 ksi
0
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
Strain
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018

Properties RC Plastic Hinge Behavior
Moment-Rotation: GTStrudl vs SEQMC
Circular Cross Section, Diam = 60 inches, 14 #14, Spiral #6@3", Cover = 1.25"
6000
5000
GTStrudl, P = 1000 K
4000
Moment (k-ft)
SEQMC, P = 1000 K
Material Properties
3000
2000
Concrete
Steel
fc = 6 ksi
Fy = 44 ksi
c0
= 0.002
E = 29000 ksi
sp
= 0.005
sh = 0.02
fys = 60 ksi
fsu = 66 ksi
u = 0.076
1000
Eh = 392.0 ksi
0
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Plastic Hinge Rotation (rad)
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08

Summary of Characteristics
Compact behavior; e.g. no local

buckling,
etc.
Neutral axis shift automatically taken

into account by equilibrium corrections.
Failure is based on combined normal

stress only (axial plus bending).

Summary of Characteristics
Elastic loading/unloading behavior

only. No hysteretic effects.
May be mixed with any other

member
nonlinearity including NLS
connections (DOFs may not overlap).
All member modeling features

supported:
member loads, member
releases, member eccentricities, etc.

Data Description Example WF Section
NTF
UNITS INCHES KIPS

NONLINEAR EFFECTS
GEOMETRY MEMBERS 1 TO 4
ND
NTW
PLASTIC HINGE START END

FIBER GEOMETRY NTF 1 NTW 1
NBF 8 ND 8 LH 10.0
STEEL FY 50.0 FSU 50.01 ESU 1.0 ALPHA 0.5
MEMBERS 1 TO 4
NBF
Fiber Grid for W21X68

Data Description Example Rectangular RC
Section
y
Top
Bars
COVER
UNITS INCHES KIPS

NONLINEAR EFFECTS
Side Bars
PLASTIC HINGE START -
FIBER GEOMETRY NB 10 NH 20 LH 20.0 H,

NH
STEEL FY 60.0 FYS 36.0 R-C RECTANGLE B 24.0 H 40.0 FCP 5.0 BARS ASTM START BOTTOM 5 10 TOP 5 10 SIDE 3 10 TIES 3 2 3 2.0 -
Bottom
Bars
B,
NB
COVER 4.061 MEMBERS 1 TO 4
Nonlinear Analysis Procedure
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CYCLES 50

CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE DISPLACEMENT 0.001
NONLINEAR ANALYSIS

Example
100 k/ft
STRUDL 'NL1' 'BASIC NONLINEAR FRAME

ANALYSIS'
10.000 FT
UNITS INCHES KIPS

JOINT COORDS
1 0.0 180.0 S
2 120.0 180.0
3 120.0 135.0
4 120.0 90.0
5 120.0 45.0
6 120.0 0.0 S
3
4
Ax = 10000 in2
Ig
= 100 in4
Ic
200 in4
15.000 FT
= 10000 ksi
5
2
Y
Z X
SUPPORT FX FY FZ MX MY
JOINT RELEASES
1 6 MOMENT Z
TYPE PLANE FRAME
MEMBER INC
1 1 2; 2 6 5
3 5 4; 4 4 3;
532

Example
CONSTANTS
E 10000.0
MEMBER PROPERTIES
1
AX 10000.0 IZ 100.0
2 TO 5 AX 10000.0 IZ 200.0
$
$ Perform nonlinear analysis in 4
$ load increments.
$
UNITS KIPS FEET
LOAD 1
MEMBER LOADS
1 FORCE Y GLO UNI FR W 25.0
NONLINEAR EFFECTS
GEOMETRY MEMBERS 2 TO 5
NONLINEAR ANALYSIS
CREATE LOAD COMBINATION Inc1 SPECS 1 1.0

Example
$
$ Load increment 2
$ Continue nonlinear analysis
$
CHANGES
LOAD 1
ADDITIONS
MEMBER LOADS
1 FORCE Y GLO UNI W 25.0
PRINT APPLIED MEMBER LOADS
LOAD LIST 1
NONLINEAR ANALYSIS CONTINUE
UNITS INCHES
LIST DISPLACEMENTS FORCES
UNITS FEET
$
$ Load increment 3
$
CHANGES
LOAD 1
ADDITIONS
MEMBER LOADS
1 FORCE Y GLO UNI W 25.0

Example
LOAD LIST 1
UNITS INCHES
UNITS FEET
$
$ Loading increment 4
$
CHANGES
LOAD 1
ADDITIONS
MEMBER LOADS
1 FORCE Y GLO UNI FR W 25.0
LOAD LIST 1
UNITS INCHES
FINISH
Basic Pushover Analysis

Procedure
1.
Define nonlinearity
NL geometry, T/C only, NL springs, Cable
elements, NL member end connections, Plastic
hinges, Hysteretic friction damper element,
NLS4PH spring element
2.
Define independent loads to be used

as
the incremental and optional
constant loads for the pushover
analysis
Basic Pushover Analysis

Procedure
3.
Specify the pushover analysis control

parameters
Incremental load, optional constant load,
Iteration and convergence control for
equilibrium iterations and
collapse detection
4.
Execute the pushover analysis
Pushover Analysis
Basic Features
Nonlinear static analysis
Automatic creation of load increments
Automatic storage of load increment
results
Creation of intermediate load step conditions
Intermediate load step conditions contain
both results and applied loadings.

Intermediate load steps stored in load group
IncrLds
Pushover Analysis
Basic Features
Automated search for collapse
load
factor
All nonlinear effects supported
Pushover Analysis
Mechanics
Load P
1
f1P
Displacement
Pushover Analysis
Mechanics
Load P
(2f1)P
f1P
Displacement
Pushover Analysis
Mechanics
Load P
(2f1)P
(3f1)P
f1P
Displacement
Pushover Analysis
Mechanics
Load P
3
4
2
(2f1)P
(3f1)P
(2f1 + rf1)P
f1P
Displacement
Pushover Analysis
Menu and Command Syntax
Pushover Analysis
Pushover Analysis
Pushover Analysis
Steel Frame Example with NLS
Connections
W8X58
W8X58
W8X58
W8X58
16.00 FT
W8X58
W8X58
x
Y
Z
x
20.00 FT
W8X58
x
40.00 FT
Pushover Analysis
Connections
IND LOAD PA1__001
x
o
4.00
x
o
x
o
-3.00
-8.00
Pushover Analysis
Connections
Define NLS Connections
UNITS INCHES KIPS RADIANS
Mz
NONLINEAR SPRING PROPERTIES

CURVE 'Mz' MOMENT VS ROTATION SYMMETRY
0.0
0.0 -
2149.2
0.326477E-3 -
2149.2
1.0
$ Mp
2149.2
NONLINEAR EFFECTS
NLS CONNECTION MEMBERS 1 TO 7
START MOMENT Z 'Mz' END
MOMENT Z 'Mz'
.326E-3
(Mp/EI)
1.0
Pushover Analysis
Connections
Define Pushover Analysis Control, Execute Analysis
PUSHOVER ANALYSIS DATA
INCREMENTAL LOAD 1
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF LOAD INCREMENTS 50
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF TRIALS 10
LOADING RATE 1.000000
CONVERGENCE RATE 0.800000
CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE COLLAPSE 0.000100
END
PERFORM PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
Pushover Analysis
Connections
Pushover Analysis
Connections
Pushover Analysis
Connections
Pushover Analysis
Connections
Pushover Analysis
Connections
Pushover Analysis
Steel Frame Example with Plastic Hinges
Define Plastic Hinges
UNITS INCHES KIPS RADIANS
NONLINEAR EFFECTS
PLASTIC HINGE START END FIBER GEOMETRY NTF 2 NTW 1 NBF 1 ND 10 LH 4.0 STEEL FY 36.0 FSU 36.1 ESU 1.0
MEMBERS 1 TO 7
36 ksi
1.0
Pushover Analysis
**** INFO_STPACP -- The current collapse load factor = 8.89632
Load components and results are stored in the following intermediate
loads:
PA1__001 PA1__002 PA1__003 PA1__004
PA1__005 PA1__006 PA1__007 PA1__008
PA1__009 PA1__010 PA1__011 PA1__012
PA1__013 PA1__014 PA1__015 PA1__016
PA1__017 PA1__018 PA1__019 PA1__020
PA1__021 PA1__022 PA1__023 PA1__024
PA1__025 PA1__026 PA1__027 PA1__028
PA1__029 PA1__030 PA1__031
**** INFO_STPACP -- The incremental loads above are stored in load group IncrLds .
/----- Push-over Analysis Load Factor History -----/

Load Increment
Load Factor
-----------------------PA1__001
1.00000
PA1__002
2.00000
PA1__003
3.00000
.
.
.
PA1__029
PA1__030
PA1__031
8.88739
8.89477
8.89632
**** INFO_STPACP -- Time to complete pushover analysis =
20.39 seconds.
Pushover Analysis
Load Factor vs Displacement X, Joint 4
10
9
8
Load Factor
7
6
NLS Connection
Fiber Plastic Hinge
4
3
2
1
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Displacem ent X, Joint 4 (inches)
3.5
4.5
Pushover Analysis
{
107} > LIST PLASTIC HINGE STATUS MEMBER 5
Plastic Hinge Status

====================
Member
-----5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Load
---PA1__006
PA1__007
PA1__008
PA1__009
PA1__010
PA1__011
PA1__012
PA1__013
% Plastic Hinge Formation

Member Start
Member End
--------------------0
82
91
95
95
95
95
97
58
95
95
95
97
97
97
97
Pushover Analysis
93
93
97 x
93
93
x
97 x 97
Y
Z
95
97
X
Summary of Plastic Hinge Status at Collapse

Steel Frame Example with Plastic
Hinges
{
120} > LIST PLASTIC HINGE DISPLACEMENTS MEMBER 5 6
********************************
* RESULTS FROM LATEST ANALYSIS *
********************************
ACTIVE UNITS (UNLESS INDICATED OTHERWISE):
LENGTH
WEIGHT
ANGLE
INCH
KIP
RAD
TEMPERATURE
DEGF
TIME
SEC
Plastic Hinge Displacements

===========================
Member
-----5
Plastic Hinge Displacements Start/End

TX
TY
RX
RY
RZ
--------------------------
---------------------------------
Load
---PA1__001
PA1__001
PA1__002
PA1__002
Start
-.305162E-04
0.993818E-02
End
-.305162E-04
-.119583E-01
Start
-.156177E-04
-.596274E-02
End
-.156177E-04
0.630324E-02
Start
-.610324E-04
0.198764E-01
End
-.610324E-04
-.239166E-01
Start
-.312355E-04
-.119255E-01
Pushover Analysis
{
{
{
124} > UNITS INCHES KIPS

125} > LOAD LIST 'PA1__031'
126} > LIST PLASTIC HINGE STRESSES RMIN 4.0 MEMBER 5
********************************
********************************
ACTIVE UNITS (UNLESS INDICATED OTHERWISE):

LENGTH
WEIGHT
ANGLE
INCH
KIP
DEG
TEMPERATURE
DEGF
Plastic Hinge Stresses/Strains, Load = PA1__031

===============================================
Member Start/End Fiber
Stress
Strain
------ --------- --------------5
Start
1
36.000
0.0453201
14
-36.000 -0.0768598
5
End
1
14
-36.000
36.000
-0.0976905
0.0576494
TIME
SEC
Matrl
----Steel
Steel
Y
-----4.173
4.173
Z
----0.000
0.000
Ax
----3.358
3.358
Steel
Steel
-4.173
4.173
0.000
0.000
3.358
3.358
Pushover Analysis
6
x
5
x
Y
Z
X
{
103} > LIST PLASTIC HINGE DUCTILITY RATIO RZ MEMBERS 5 6
********************************
********************************
Plastic Hinge Ductility Ratios
===============================
Member
-----5
6
Ductility Ratios -- Displacement = RZ

Start
End
------------32.565
0.683
56.941
1.634
Pushover Analysis
6
x
x
Y
Z
{
X
105} > LIST PUSHOVER DUCTILITY RATIO TX TARGET JOINT 6
********************************
********************************
Pushover Analysis Ductility Ratio

=================================
Target joint = 6
DOF = TX
Ductility Ratio = 3.213516
R Ductility
U 6ult
U 6y
(1st any PH)
Pushover Analysis
{
{
116} > LIST PLASTIC HINGE DUCTILITY RATIO RZ YIELD STRAIN STEEL 0.00124 117} >_MEMBERS 5 6
********************************
********************************
Plastic Hinge Ductility Ratios
===============================
Member
-----5
6
Ductility Ratios -- Displacement = RZ

Start
Yld Ld
End
Yld Ld
------- -------------- -------32.57
0.65
PA1__007
PA1__007
56.94
1.63
PA1__006
PA1__006
Pushover Analysis
118} > LIST PUSHOVER DUCTILITY RATIO TX YIELD STRAIN STEEL 0.00124 TARGET JOINT 6
********************************
********************************
Pushover Analysis Ductility Ratio

=================================
Target joint = 6
DOF = TX
Ductility Ratio = 3.213516
(Yield Loading PA1__006, Member 5
, Material STEEL
Pushover Analysis
113} > LIST PUSHOVER LIMIT LOADS STRAIN 0.00124 STEEL MEMBERS EXISTING
********************************
********************************
Pushover Analysis Limit Point Loads: Strain =

0.0012400, Material = Steel
=================================================================================
Member
------
Limit Ld Start
--------------
Limit Ld End
------------
---
PA1__027
PA1__024
PA1__019
PA1__023
PA1__027
PA1__007
PA1__007
PA1__006
---
---
---
--PA1__024
Pushover Analysis
Strategies
Do a conventional nonlinear analysis first.
Use FORM LOAD to create a version of your

incremental load scaled to size of first increment.
Use a larger collapse load convergence

tolerance (~0.01) for the first pushover
analysis attempt.
Keep the loading rate on the smaller side.

Its better to have two to four load
increments that are basically linear.
Pushover Analysis
Strategies
Larger convergence rate values -- 0.6

to 0.8 -- seem to perform better, i.e.
result in a more economical number of
load
increments.
~50 appears to be the most

economical maximum number of
nonlinear analysis
cycles,
particularly with NLS elements, NLS
connections, and plastic hinges.
Pushover Analysis
RC Frame Example with Plastic Hinges, Force
Control
14.650 M
x
x
B = 2.35 M,
H = 2.00 M
Member Ecc = 1 M
Diam = 1.75 M
13.250 M
Total Mass:
Self weight + 76.778
Kg/M
applied to cap
= 1.413x106 Kg
Y
Z
x
10.650 M
SUPPORT FX FY FZ MX MY
Pushover Analysis
Control
Define Nonlinearity: NL Geometry + Plastic Hinges
UNITS KIPS INCHES

NONLINEAR EFFECTS
PLASTIC HINGE END FIBER GEOM NR 60 NTH 32 LH 56.53 STEEL FY 68.0 FSU 95.0 ESH 0.0075 ESU .06 EH 289.5 R-C CIRC B 68.9 FCP 5.28 EC0 .002 FYS 68.0 BARS ASTM END CIRC 35 14 HOOP 8 6.00 COV 2.0 MEMBER 'COL4' 'COL8'
GEOMETRY MEMBERS 'COL1' TO 'COL8'
Pushover Analysis
Control
Define Incremental Force and Constant Loads
UNITS KN METERS
DEAD LOAD 'DL' DIR -Y ALL JOINTS
MEMBER LOADS
'CAP1' TO 'CAP10' FORCE Y GLO UNI FR W -752.4204
LOADING 'PUSH'
JOINT LOADS
'C5' 'C10' FORCE X 100.0
Pushover Analysis
Control
Specify Pushover Analysis Control and Execute

CONSTANT LOAD 'DL'
INCREMENTAL LOAD 'PUSH'
LOADING RATE 1.0
CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE EQUIL 0.0001
END
Pushover Analysis
Control
Lateral Displacement vs Lateral Load Factor, Force Control Analysis
Joint C5
16
14
12
Instability:
C = 305.55 mm
Load Factor
10
Vbs = 15.22*200 Kn =
3044 Kn (.23g)
Force Contol
0
0
50
100
150
200
Displacem ent (m m)
250
300
350
Pushover Analysis
Control
Pushover Analysis
RC Frame Example with Plastic Hinges, Displacement
Control
Define Incremental Displacement and Constant Loads

STATUS SUPPORT C1 C6 'C5' 'C10'
JOINT RELEASES
'C1' 'C6' MOMENT Z
'C5' 'C10' FORCE Y MOMENT X Y Z

UNITS KN METERS
DEAD LOAD 'DL' DIR -Y ALL JOINTS
MEMBER LOADS
'CAP1' TO 'CAP10' FORCE Y GLO UNI FR W -752.4204
UNITS MM
LOADING 'PUSH'
JOINT DISPLACEMENT
'C5' 'C10' DISPLACEMENT X 10.0
Pushover Analysis
Control
Specify Pushover Analysis Control and Execute

CONSTANT LOAD 'DL'
INCREMENTAL LOAD 'PUSH'

LOADING RATE 1.0
CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE EQUIL 0.0001
END
$ 50*10 = 500 mm
Pushover Analysis
Control
Lateral Displacement vs Lateral Load Factor
Joint C5
16
14
12
C = 500 mm
Load Factor
Vbs = 2991
Kn
Instability:
C = 305.55 mm
10
Vbs = 15.22*200 Kn =
8
3044 Kn (.23g)
Force Contol
Displacement Control
4
0
0
100
200
300
Displacem ent (m m )
400
500
600

GTStrudl PushoverAnalysis

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GTSTRUDL

GTSTRUDL Users Group

Basic Nonlinear Analysis Procedure

Basic Incremental Nonlinear Analysis Example

Basic Nonlinear Analysis

Define independent load(s) to be

Specify the nonlinear analysis control

Execute the nonlinear analysis

Nonlinear Effects Menu

Nonlinear Effects Menu

Nonlinear Spring Element Menus

Nonlinear Spring Element Menus

Nonlinear Spring Element Menus

Nonlinear Spring Connections

Any member loads

Nonlinear Spring Connections

Plastic Hinge Effects

X-Section details: shape,

Plastic Hinge Effects

Steel sections from tables

Reinforced concrete sections

Plastic Hinge Effects

Plastic Hinge Effects

Residual Stress Model for

Plastic Hinge Effects

Confined Concrete Stress-Strain

Plastic Hinge Effects

Default Concrete Properties

Plastic Hinge Effects

Eh = 163.6 ksi (default)

Eh = 163.6 ksi, 245.4

Plastic Hinge Effects

Confined: Hoops = #8 @ 6 inches

Plastic Hinge Effects

Plastic Hinge Effects

Compact behavior; e.g. no local

Neutral axis shift automatically taken

Failure is based on combined normal

Plastic Hinge Effects

Elastic loading/unloading behavior

May be mixed with any other

All member modeling features

Plastic Hinge Effects

UNITS INCHES KIPS

PLASTIC HINGE START END

Fiber Grid for W21X68

Plastic Hinge Effects

UNITS INCHES KIPS

PLASTIC HINGE START -

FIBER GEOMETRY NB 10 NH 20 LH 20.0 H,

COVER 4.061 MEMBERS 1 TO 4

Nonlinear Analysis Procedure

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CYCLES 50

Basic Nonlinear Analysis

STRUDL 'NL1' 'BASIC NONLINEAR FRAME

UNITS INCHES KIPS

Basic Nonlinear Analysis

Basic Nonlinear Analysis

Basic Nonlinear Analysis

Basic Pushover Analysis

Define independent loads to be used

Basic Pushover Analysis

Specify the pushover analysis control