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ROLUL GLUCOCORTICOIZILOR
N TERAPIA BOLILOR
PROFESOR COORDONATOR
STUDENT
HAZEL NURLA
CONSTANA
2015
Generalitati
Glucocorticoizii: Clasificare,
Farmacocinetic, Farmacodinamie,
Farmacotoxicologie i Posologie
Principalul glucocorticoid endogen este hidrocortizonul (cortizol)
(Figura 1.), mai puin important este corticosteronul; n organism
se gsete n cantiti mai mici i cortizon, care este un metabolit
activ al primilor 2 hormoni menionai (nu este secretat de
corticosuprarenal). La acesti glucocorticoizi se adaug numeroi
analogi de sintez.
Clasificarea
glucocorticoizilor
Structura chimic
parametazonului
Structura chimic a
metilprednisolonului
Mecanismul actiunii
glucocorticoizilor
Farmacodinamia glucocorticoizilor
Aciunea antialergic
Este consecina deprimrii procesului imun i a
aciunii antiinflamatoare. Glucocorticoiii deprim
mai ales imunitatea mediat celular prin inhibarea
eliberrii de ctre limfocitele T activate a
interleukinei-2 (IL-2), inhibarea aciunii IL-2 de
stimulare a limfocitelor T activate i probabil a
limfocitelor citotoxice, inhibarea eliberrii IL-1 i a
TNF- de ctre monocitele activate prin antigen.
Glucocorticoizii impiedic procesele de amplificare
a rspunsului imun i la doze mari scad producerea
de anticorpi.
O participare important la aciunea antialergic o
are aciunea antiinflamatoare nespecific a
glucocorticoizilor, prin combaterea componentei
inflamatorii a reaciilor alergice.
Aspecte Farmacotoxicologice
Hipercorticism (exogen)
Hipocorticism (endogen)
Diabet
Osteoporoza i osteonecroza
Miopatie cortizonic
ntrzierea creterii
Atrofierea pielii
Retenia hidrosalin
Scderea rezistenei la infecii
Ulcer peptic
Hipercoagulabilitate
Riscuri fetale
Structura steroidic a
glucocorticoizilor cu 21 atomi de C
1-2
R11
R6
R9
R16
R17
R20
Cortizon
=O
-H
-H
-H
-OH
-CH2OH
Hidrocortizon
-OH
-H
-H
-H
-OH
-CH2OH
Prednison
=O
-H
-H
-H
-OH
-CH2OH
Prednisolon
-OH
-H
-H
-H
-OH
-CH2OH
Metilprednisol
-CH3
-H
-H
-OH
-CH2OH
on
Betametazon
-OH
-H
-F
-CH3 ()
-OH
-CH2OH
Dexametazon
-OH
-H
-F
-CH3 ()
-OH
-CH2OH
Beclometazon
-OH
-H
-Cl
-CH3 ()
-OH
-CH2OH
Parametazon
-OH
-F
-H
-CH3 ()
-OH
-CH2OH
Triamcinolon
-OH
-H
-F
-OH
-OH
-CH2OH
Flumetazon
-OH
-F
-F
-CH3
-OH
-CH2OH
Fluorometolon
-OH
-CH3
-F
-H
-OH
-CH3
Fluocortolon
-OH
-F
-H
-CH3
-H
-CH2OH
Clobetasol
-OH
-H
-F
-CH3
-OH
CH2Cl
Fluticazon
-OH
-F
-F
-CH3
-OCOC2H5
-S-CH2-F
Indicaii ca medicaie de
substituie
Insuficiena corticosuprarenal
cronic (boala Addison)
Insuficiena corticosuprarenal acut
Hiperplazia congenital a
suprarenalelor
n scop diagnostic
Hidrocortizon (Cortizol)
Este principalul glucocorticoid fiziologic, utilizandu-se ca atare si
sub forma de esteri.
Din punct de vedere farmacocinetic, administrat oral, se absoarbe
usor, concentratia plasmatica maxima inregistrandu-se dupa o
ora. Timpul de injumatatire plasmatic al formei libere este de
aproximativ 90 de minute, iar timpul de injumatatire tisular este
de 8-12 ore, fapt ce il clasific a drept glucocorticoid cu durata de
actiune scurta. In mixedem metabolizarea acestui hormon este
scazuta, iar in tireotoxicoza este crescuta. In hiperbilirubinemie
scade glucuronoconjugarea.Estrogenii scad clearence-ul renal al
hidrocortizonului.
Prednison
Prednisolon
Este un 1-hidrocortizon sintetic, fiind un derivat de cortizol cu
proprietati si utilizari asemanatoare prednisonului, fiind activ si
local.
Triamcinolon
Este un derivat fluorurat si hidroxilat al prednisolonului
(9-fluor, 16-hidroxi), cu proprietati asemanatoare
metilprednisolonului. Acesta se caracterizeaza prin
efect mineralocorticoid minim, frecventa mare de
miopatie cortizonica, comparativ cu restul
glucocorticoizilor si timp de injumatatire plasmatic de
aproximativ 5 ore. Are indicatiile generale ale
glucocorticoizilor, incepandu-se cu un tratament de
atac de 8-32 mg/zi, administrat oral urmat apoi de
tratamentul de intretinere de 2-8 mg/zi, oral.
Dexametazon
Este 9-fluor-16-metilprednisolon, caracteriandu-se prin
potenta foarte mare, 0.75 mg fiind echivalente cu 5 mg
pednison sau 20 mg hidrocortizon. Nu determina retentie
hidrosalina.
Concluzii
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