SITE PLANNING

CLIMATE CHANGE - A
PHENOMENON
CLIMATE
A change in climate which is
Region with certain
conditions of
temperature,
dryness, wind, light
etc.

TROPICAL
CLIMATE

Heat is the
dominant
problem.
Annual mean
temperature is
not less than 25
degree C

attributed directly or indirectly to

human activities that alters the
composition of the global
atmosphere and which is in
addition to natural climate
variability observed over
comparable time periods.
It implies that climatic change is
attributed to human activities
directly or indirectly.

CLIMATIC
ZONES

HOT-ARID
ZONE

WARM
HUMID

HOT
ARID
TEMPERATE

COLD
ZONE

Summer

High diurnal
variation
High seasonal
variations with
extremely hot
summers and
cold winters
High insolation
Low rainfall and
water scarcity
Bright cloudless
sky

winter

Climatic
variable

time

mean

maximum

mean

maximum

Air
temp(deg.C)

Day
night

43-49
24-32

58

27-32
10-18

RelativeHumi

(%)

10-55

CLIMATIC PARAMETERS
AIR
TEMPERATUR
E

HUMIDITY
AND
PRECIPITATI
ON

SOLAR
RADIATION
AND
INFLUENCE
OF SKY
CONDITIONS

AIR
MOVEMENT

VULNERABILITY OF SETTLEMENTS TO
CLIMATE CHANGE
I. Housing & shelter
II. The surrounding
community,neighbourhood,villag
e or relevant social unit in which
individuals live,
III. The supporting physical
infrastructure (e.g. water &
sanitations services
&communication links)
IV. social &cultural services (e.g.
Health services,education,police
protection,recreational services
etc.,)

Sectors attributed directly to

human settlements and
vulnerable to climatic change
Health
Changes in social and
physical environment
Loss of biomass
Drought or water storages
Floods
Tropical cyclones
Sea level rise

SITE
PLANNING

SITE
ASSESSMENT
SITE SELECTION
SITE ANALYSIS
SITE
DEVELOPMENT

SITE
SELECTION
It is governed by adjacent land uses, access to
public infrastructure, approval and permitting
requirements, cost of land & construction,
microclimate, ecological patterns and
resources.

BASIC RESOURCES THAT MAY BE DOCUMENTED AT

COMMUNITY LEVEL
Wetlands
Floodplains
Moderate &steep slopes
Groundwater resources and aquifer recharge areas
Woodlands
Productive farmlands
Significant wildlife habitats
Historic, archaeological & cultural features
Scenic view sheds

Analysis of the building site which

includes the assessment of its
better features as well as its
constraints and liabilities

Land planning projects in mountain

regions require data on topographic
slope, elevation & aspect whereas
this attribute may be insignificant on
a level terrain

It may entail different kinds of

evaluation i.e., information
contained in sites physical,
biological and cultural attributes.
These attributes influence the
suitability of a site for the proposed
uses.

Where the proposed use of the site is

predetermined, and site analysis and site
planning arc concerned with determining,
how best the proposed use can be fitted to
the site

SITE
ANALYS
IS
Whenever a site is to be developed for a
particular building program, two sets of
factors have to be considered.
SITE FACTORS - those relating to
the characteristics of the site
USE FACTORS - those relating to
the proposed use of the site, i.e. the
building program

SITE
INVENTORY
CHARACTERISTI
CS

SITE INVENTORY
Physical attributes
The purpose of site inventory is the quick assessment of the
site to:
Identify potentially significant site assets & liabilities
Physical
Develop a base map for
land planning & design
Attributes
Topograph
y
Elevation

Slope

Aspect

Soil

Climate

Precipitatio
n

Temperatu
re

Wind

Site inventory
characteristics

Building design
elements

Site design elements

Geographical latitude
and microclimatic
factors such as wind
loads

Building layout for

solar orientation
Location of windows ,
entrances, and
loading docks
Location of air inlets
Architectural
elevations
Surface to volume
ratios

Location of green and

paved areas
Selection of
vegetation and
integration with the
native landscape
Bio-diversity
Use of landscape
elements such as
buffer zones

Topography and
adjacent land forms

Building proportions
Wind loads
Architectural
elevations
Drainage strategies

Gravity fed sewer

lines
Land fillings
Natural site features
for rain/storm water
drainage
Location of
groundwater
detention ponds

Solar access

Building position for

day lighting ,

Location of energy
efficient features

Site inventory
characteristics

Building design
elements

Site design elements

Geologic and seismic

data

Foundation type
Structural
specifications

Structural
considerations for site
landscaping , such as
retaining walls , fixed
seating, etc.,

Air movement patterns

Placement of wind
towers
Location of
fenestration on the
basis of pressure
differentials , passive
solar cooling design

Site layout of building

structures to trap wind
for ventilation

Soil types , textures and

load bearing capacity

Foundation design
and location

Site grading
procedures that
minimize erosion
Plant selections as
per soil type

Parcel shape and access

with adjacent land uses
and buildings

Planning for the capacity Making the potential

to accommodate the
access points , which do
proposed development
not burden the lower

SITE
DEVELOPMENT

Excavation and grading keep to an SLOPES (Earth Cut Or Fill)

Do not exceed the angle of repose of the
absolute minimum.
soils being graded or placed (the steepest
angle at which the slope remains stable).
Balance the on-site cut and fill. Off A slope of 1on 2 maximum (I foot vertical
site borrow or disposition is
rise for 2 feet of horizontal distance) is
recommended for mulched or planted
expensive.
embankments.
A slope of 1on 3 maximum is preferred for
Protect trees and established
lawn areas to facilitate mowing.
ground covers. Remove and
Place fill material in uniform layers of 6 to 8
inches of loose material.
stockpile the topsoil.
Allow for soil shrinkage (or swelling in some
Avoid working the soil when it is
instances); 3 to 5 percent shrinkage is
normal in compacted fills.
wet, powder dry, or frozen.
Provide mechanical compaction. Natural
compaction by the eventual settlement of
Provide positive surface drainage
loosely placed soils is seldom uniform or
away from buildings to swales,
complete.
All fills should be compacted fills, placed on
gutters, drain inlets, or outfalls.
prepared benches cut through topsoil and
overburden.
Re-establish ground covers without
Thrust benches and positive drainage must
delay. Unprotected soils cause
be provided at the base of major fills.
erosion and siltation.

Sun-orientation
The orientation of a building is influenced by
the amount of solar radiation falling on
different sides at different times.

Buildings are best arranged in clusters for

heat absorption, shading opportunities and
protection from east and west exposures.

The larger building dimension should face

north and south (generally, west orientation
is the worst: high air temperature combined
with strong solar radiation) .

The optimum orientation for any given

location has to be determined in order to
achieve the most satisfactory distribution of
total heat gain and loss in all seasons. At
high altitude enough heat gain for passive
heating should be possible.

ROADS AND
DRIVEWAYS

In planning the approach drive

or roadway consider:
Sight distance: provide
sufficient horizontal and
vertical sight distance to give
10 second minimum
observation time at
permitted approach speed.
All-weather and nighttime
drivability,
Economical length and
minimum landscape
disruption

PARKING
Allow a normal stall width of 8
feet 6 inches minimum to 12
feet maximum; 10 feet is a
comfortable average.
Stall marking: While a
single divider stripe will
suffice, two 3-inch lines, 12 to
16 inches on center with a
half circle at the aisle end, is
recommended.
For an approximate parking
compound capacity
calculation, allow 300 square
feet of paved parking area
per standard car, plus
approach ramps, distributor
loops, planting medians.
turnabouts, collector walks,
and buffer areas.

DESIGN FOR HOT-ARID ZONES

Minimal sun-exposure in summer is necessary and
therefore compactness and shade are the main
principals for building in hot-arid zones.
compact planning for groups of buildings is
required in order to give shade to each other and
reduce the surface area exposed to solar radiation.
Arcades, colonnades, cantilevered buildings or
building components, membranes and small
enclosed courtyards are traditional responses to
the climate.
Air circulation can be improved through wind
channelling in shaded narrow streets in the
direction of the main wind.
The grouping of buildings and alleys or lanes
should allow for proper ventilation or even
increase the airflow.
The location near a water source and the
incorporation of vegetation is most important.

1. Grid diagonal to east-west axis

The grid pattern maximizes radiation

throughout its straight streets, but by
orienting the grid pattern diagonally to
the east-west axis, the sun exposure and
shade is better distributed on the streets;
such a grid still supports the dynamic
movement of air. More important,
however, is the form of alleys and
buildings.

2. Narrow, zigzagging alleys

Winding or zigzagging narrow alleys

receive minimum radiation, reduce the
effect of stormy winds, establish
shaded spaces throughout the day
which provide a cool and comfortable
microclimate and also stay relatively
warm during cold nights and in winter.

BLOCKED STREETS
AND ALLEYS
Street orientation and housing patterns are significant and must be
planned carefully. Straight and parallel streets open the city to wind
ventilation. Storm effects can be reduced by blocking streets. Twostory buildings with closed patios open to the sky will maximize
shade, minimize radiation, yet still retain ventilation and reduce the
effects of stormy winds. Buildings should be attached (cluster) to
reduce exposed surfaces.

URBAN HEAT
ISLAND

Heat island refers to any area

which is hotter than the
surrounding area.
CAUSE
Improper planning of the site creates
heat island effect.
main cause of the urban heat island is
modification of the land surface by urban
development which uses materials (such
as asphalt, tar etc)which effectively
retain heat and also by the waste heat
produced by the buildings and vehicles.
Effects of UHI
Decreases air quality by producing air
pollutants like ozone
Decreases water quality as warmer water
effects the ecosystem.

SOLUTIONS TO
REDUCE UHIE

Limit the area of hard surfaces

like paved roads etc.
Shading of paved areas using
green cover
Use of Light colour concrete
surfaces
Open grid pavement
Materials with high reflectance

HARVESTING ENERGY FROM ASPHALT

PAVEMENTS AND REDUCING THE HEAT
ISLAND EFFECT
This is a concept of using a piping network
below the surface of asphalt pavements to flow
an appropriate fluid, to reduce the temperature
of the asphalt pavement,reduce Urban Heat
Island Effect, and use the heated fluid for
different end applications such as heating,
power generation or refrigeration. The reduced
temperature will extend the life of the
pavement, while the reduced temperature of the
near surface air will lead to savings in energy
consumption of adjacent buildings and
improvement in air quality.

WIND SHADOW
EFFECT
Wind when meeting an obstruction in its
path creates pressure on windward and
suction on leeward path ..as a result
buildings on leeward path faces poor
ventilation so they are placed in
staggered forms or at six times their
actual heights.

If buildings are laid out on a regular grid, the

benefit of wind may be lost altogether. If buildings
are staggered, and preferably spaced apart, then
the flow of air may be
maintained, and the wind shadow reduced.

Landscape Elements for

Microclimate Control
Landscaping can be used to
. several aspects of
control
the microclimate. The
climatic variables that can
be regulated include solar
radiation (sol-air
temperature), air
temperature, wind speed
and direction, relative
humidity and glare.
Landscaping elements can
be grouped into hard
landscaping elements and
soft landscaping elements

General landscape treatment

to create comfortable micro
climate

HARD LANDSCAPE
Steps and paving
ELEMENTS
Air crossing hard reflective or absorptive
surfaces like parking lots and
sidewalks is warmed .The choice of the surface finishing, material and
construction of steps and paving can play a significant role in the
reduction of ground temperature.

Walls and fences

Walls are used to deflect the wind, and they can be used to channel the
wind. Walls are usually solid, while fences are made from stakes, rails,
wire, netting, et c. Fences thus allow some wind to flow through them,
even when they have climbers.
Slopes and barriers
The use of slopes and barriers to direct airflow can be very effective on
sites with significant variations in the topography.
Stones and boulders
Stones and boulders can be arranged to direct airflow and to provide
shade.

SOFT LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS

Trees and shrubs

Trees and shrubs are the most significant in the provision of shade and the control of relative humidity
and air movement.
They contribute thermal comfort than any other element.
Ventilation is affected by plant materials.
air passing through trees and plants will be cooled.

HOT-ARID
REGIONS
In these regions landscape elements
should equalize temperature by
avoiding hot winds and to retain
existing moisture.
Southern exposure should be treated
with landscaping to block rays of
sun.
Tall high crown trees such as palm
,eucalyptus are used as sun screens
Use of trellis on south facing
structures also causes shading and
cool winds.
SOUTH FACING TREES
BLOCK THE DIRECT
SUN RAYS AND
PROVIDE SHADE TO
ADJACENT

TRELL
IS

 Western exposures are

vulnerable to harsh glare so
groundcovers cut reflection and
cool ground air.
Eastern faces can be controlled
by planting bushes or low trees
are preferred.

GROUND COVER IN CHECK BOARD PATTERN

USES NONREFLECTANCE MATERIALS SUCH AS
WOOD,CHIPS ETC.IT ADDS COLOUR AND
DESIGN,DOES NOT REFLECT HEAT AND LIGHT,
CONSERVES MOISTURE AND ELIMINATES
DESERT LIKE LANDSACPE.

POOLS AND
PONDS

water bodies are used for

humidification and evaporative
cooling.
cool pools, if large enough, can
have a significant effect. If moving
air can be funnelled through these
pools which is out of the direct
sun, it will lose some of its heat
before reaching the building.

A good example is the Baha'i Temple at New

Delhi. This is a complex concrete shell
structure which is a place of assembly, but
does not utilise air-conditioning, even though a
hot dry wind blows through the area. The wind
is funnelled over embankments over standing
water which is below natural ground level. It
then passes through the openings around the
base of the dome, and rises up through the
interior.

Allarchitectureis shelter, all

greatarchitectureis the design of space that
contains, cuddles, exalts, or stimulates the
persons in that space
Philip Johnson

THANK YOU

Chaitanya korra
Rachana
Ravali
Mehar kumar
Manogna

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