Navier-Stokes

Pressure Force
 Each volume element in a
fluid is subject to force due  ∂p  ∂p
δFx =  − δx δyδz = − δV
to pressure.  ∂x  ∂x
• Assume a rectangular box
• Pressure force density is the
gradient of pressure
 ∂p ∂p ∂p
δF = − xˆ δV − yˆ δV − zˆ δV
∂x ∂y ∂z

δ δF = −∇ pδV
δ z V

p δ
δ y
x
Equation of Motion
 A fluid element may be  
subject to an external force. δF = fδV
• Write as a force density
• Assume uniform over small  
dv
element. δm = ∑ δF
dt
dv F = −2k ( l + x − l ) l + x
 2 2 x
 The equation of motion uses ρ δV = fδV − ∇pδV
2 2

pressure and external force. dt

• Write form as force density  
dv
• Use stress tensor instead of ρ + ∇p = f
dt
pressure force
 
dv
ρ + ∇ ⋅P = f
 This is Cauchy’s equation. dt
Euler’s Equation
 Divide by the density.  
dv 1 f
• Motion in units of force + ∇p =
density per unit mass. dt ρ ρ

 
∂v   1 f
 The time derivative can be + ( v ⋅ ∇ ) v + ∇p =
∂t ρ ρ
expanded to give a partial
differential equation.  
∂v   1 f
• Pressure or stress tensor + ( v ⋅ ∇)v + ∇ ⋅P =
∂t ρ ρ

 This is Euler’s equation of

motion for a fluid.
Viscosity
 A static fluid cannot support
F a shear.

 A moving fluid with viscosity

vx y can have shear.
• Dynamic viscosity µ
• Kinematic viscosity ν

Fx dv x
=µ
S dy
µ
ν=
ρ
Strain Rate Tensor
 Rate of strain measures the
amount of deformation in
response to a stress.
• Forms symmetric tensor
• Based on the velocity
gradient
 ∂v x 1  ∂v x ∂v y  1  ∂v x ∂v z  
  +   + 
 ∂x 2  ∂y ∂x  2  ∂z ∂x  
 1  ∂v ∂v  ∂v y 1  ∂v y ∂v z  
E =   x +    
y
+
 2  ∂y ∂x  ∂y 2  ∂z ∂y  
 1  ∂v ∂v  1  ∂v y ∂v z  ∂v z 
  x+ z  +  
 2  ∂z ∂x  2  ∂z ∂y  ∂z 
 
Stress and Strain
 There is a general relation
between stress and strain P = aE + b1
• Constants a, b include
a = 2µ
viscosity
2 
b = − p − µ∇ ⋅ v
3
 2 
P = 2 µE −  p + µ∇ ⋅ v 1
 3 
 An incompressible fluid has
no velocity divergence. P = 2 µE − p1
Navier-Stokes Equation
   The stress and strain
∂v   f 1 µ 2
+ ( v ⋅ ∇ ) v = − ∇p + ∇ v relations can be combined
∂t ρ ρ ρ with the equation of motion.

 Reduces to Euler for no

viscosity.

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