HEAT EXCHANGER

A Heat Exchanger is a device used to

transfer of thermal energy(enthalpy)

between two mediums in thermal
contact with different temperatures
It can be done between ,
1. a solid surface and a fluid
2. two or more fluids
3. solid particulates and a fluid
It is usually done without external work
or heat interactions

 Typical applications involve heating or

cooling of a fluid stream of concern

evaporation or condensation of a single or
multi component fluid stream
heat recovery or heat rejection from a
system
In some heat exchangers the fluids
exchanging the heat are in direct contact
In other type heat transfer between fluids
takes place through a separating wall or
into and out of a wall in a transient manner.

PRIM ARY CLASSIFICATIO N

Parallel flow:the two fluids enter the

exchanger at the same end, and travel

in parallel to one another to the other
side.
Counter flow: fluids enter the exchanger
from opposite ends and flow in opposite
directions - most efficient
Cross flow: the fluids travel roughly
perpendicular to one another through
the exchanger

TYPES O F H EAT EXCH AN G ERS

DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER

simplest exchangers used in industries
cheap for both design and maintenance
low efficiency and high space
requirements
It must be noted that for easier design,
its better to ignore heat loss in heat
exchanger for primary design

SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

Shell and tube heat exchangers consist of
series of tubes
One set of these tubes contains the fluid
that must be either heated or cooled. The
second fluid runs over the tubes that are
being heated or cooled so that it can either
provide the heat or absorb the heat
required
Typically used for high pressure
applications(with pressure >30 bar & temp
>260c)

 Tube diameter: small tube diameter makes the

heat exchanger both economical and compact.

However, it is more likely for the heat exchanger
to foul up faster and the small size makes
mechanical cleaning of the fouling difficult. Thus
to determine the tube diameter, the available
space, cost and fouling nature of the fluids must
be considered.
Tube thickness: The thickness of the wall of the
tubes is usually determined to ensure:
There is enough room for corrosion
That flow-induced vibration has resistance
Axial strength
Availability of spare parts
Hoop strength (to withstand internal tube pressure)
Buckling strength (to withstand overpressure in the

 Tube length: heat exchangers are usually

cheaper when they have a smaller shell

diameter and a long tube length- but space
requirements are main limitation along with
difficulties in replacement
Tube pitch: when designing the tubes, it is
practical to ensure that the tube pitch (i.e.,
the centre-centre distance of adjoining
tubes) is not less than 1.25 times the tubes'
outside diameter. A larger tube pitch leads
to a larger overall shell diameter, which
leads to a more expensive heat exchanger.

 Tube corrugation: this type of tubes, mainly used

for the inner tubes, increases the turbulence of

the fluids and the effect is very important in the
heat transfer giving a better performance.
Tube Layout: refers to how tubes are positioned
within the shell - Four main types
1.triangular (30), 2.rotated triangular (60),
3.square (90) and 4.rotated square (45). The
triangular patterns are employed to give greater
heat transfer as they force the fluid to flow in a
more turbulent fashion around the piping. Square
patterns are employed where high fouling is
experienced and cleaning is more regular.

 Baffle Design:baffles are used in

shell and tube heat exchangers to

direct fluid across the tube bundle.
They run perpendicularly to the shell
and hold the bundle, preventing the
tubes from sagging over a long
length. They can also prevent the
tubes from vibrating.
The semicircular segmental baffles
are oriented at 180 degrees to the
adjacent baffles
For thermo economic optimization it
is suggested that the baffles be

PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER

composed of multiple, thin, slightly
separated plates that have very
large surface areas and fluid flow
passages for heat transfer
large heat exchangers of this type
are calledplate-and-frame
when used in open loops, these heat
exchangers are normally of the
gasket type to allow periodic
disassembly, cleaning, and
inspection

 There are also many types of

permanently bonded plate heat

exchangers, such as dip-brazed, vacuumbrazed, and welded plate varieties
They are mainly used for closed-loop
applications like refrigeration
Also differ according to the type of plates
and the configurations of those plates
Some plates may be stamped with
"chevron", dimpled, or other patterns,
where others may have machined fins
and/or grooves

PLATE AND SHELL HEAT EXCHANGER

It combines plate heat exchanger with shell
and tube heat exchanger technologies
The heart of the heat exchanger contains a
fully welded circular plate pack made by
pressing and cutting round plates and
welding them together
Nozzles carry flow in and out of the platepack
The fully welded platepack is assembled into
an outer shell that creates a second flowpath
It offers high heat transfer, high pressure,
highoperating temperature, compact size,
low fouling and close approach temperature

SPIRAL HEAT EXCHANGER

Aspiralheat exchanger (SHE), may refer
to ahelical(coiled) tube configuration
Consists of a pair of flat surfaces that
are coiled to form the two channels in a
counter-flow arrangement
Each of the two channels has one long
curved path
A pair of fluid ports are
connectedtangentially to the outer arms
of the spiral, and axial ports are
common, but optional.

DIRECT CONTACT HEAT EXCHANGERS

Involve heat transfer between hot
and cold streams of two phases in
the absence of a separating wall
Gas liquid
Immiscible liquid liquid
Solid-liquid or solid gas
Mainly for air
conditioning,humidification,
industrial hot water heating,water
coolingand condensing plants

MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION

(Shell &Tube)
Tubes : Commonly, 0.625 to 1.5" tubing
used in exchangers is made from low carbon
steel, Admiralty copper, copper-nickel,
stainless steel, Hastelloy, Inconel, or
titanium
Tubes are either extruded or welded
Tube sheets: Usually constructed from a
round, flattened sheet of metal
Holes are then drilled either in square or in
triangular pattern
Tube sheets are typically manufactured from
the same material as tubes

 Material must be corrosion resistant

as it comes in contact with both the

fluids
Tube and tube sheet materials are
joined with weld-able metals, and
often further strengthened by
applying strength or seal weld to the
joint
Shell assembly: Constructed either
from pipe or rolled plate metal
Steel is the most commonly used
material
A consistent inner shell diameter is

 Roundness is increased typically by

using a mandrel and expanding the

shell around it, or by double rolling
the shell after welding the
longitudinal seam
If fluid velocity at the nozzle is high,
an impingement plate is used to
distribute fluid evenly in the tubes
-preventing fluid induced erosion,
vibration and cavitation
Impingement plate can be used
either inside the shell tube or outside
depending upon the requirements

 Baffles : They supports the tubes, prevent

vibrations,sagging, direct shell-side fluids

across the bundle increasing velocity and
turbulence effectively increasing the rate
of heat transfer
Usually stamped / punched, or machined
drilled
Material would be as same as that of shell
baffles occupy between 20-30% of the
shell diameter
In a gas application with a necessary
lower pressure drop, baffles with 40-45%
of shell diameter are used

END