“Testing procedures and standards

of two brands of Home Furnishings”

Submitted by:
Ashish omar
Krishanu bose
Deepak malik
Mansi aswani
Pramod kumar
 Welspun Retail Limited

India’s largest specialty retailer in the Home

furnishing segment. An integral part of the US
$2000 million Welspun Group, customer
convenience and satisfaction is the driving force
behind all our endeavors.


India’s largest maker and exporter of terry towels;

largest overseas supplier of terry towels to the USA.
 flagship brands

Spaces - Home & Beyond – A Lifestyle brand that

caters to the demands of high-end customers


Welhome – A brand that provides value-products to

meet the ever-evolving needs of our customers at
large scale.

 Spaces Home & Beyond

Spaces Home & Beyond was set up in February 2005,

with the first store at In orbit Mall in Mumbai with a
view to meet the aspiration demand of the upper
strata of population.
 Welhome

Welhome was initially launched in October 2005 with

a view to cater to the masses and the value for
money conscious clientele. Today, it offers a wide
range.

Welhome is a leading chain of Home Décor stores,
offering quality products at competitive prices.
 Price range comparison of welhome and
spaces:


 (average price Rs/ piece)


Category welspun spaces
Bed sheet single 400 1000

Bed sheet double 750 1500

Bed spread single 250 700

Bed spread double 600 1200

Bath towels 350 600

Hand towels(cotton) 120 200

Bath robes 300 800

Bath mats 150 350

Quilt single (cotton filled) 600 1500

Quilt double (cotton filled) 1000 2000

Shower curtains 750 1400

Table cover (cotton) 400 600

Table cover (synthetics) 300 500

Table napkins (set 5 pieces) 150 350

Table mat (per pieces) 150 350

Curtains (cotton) 500 1200

Cushion covers (5 pieces) 450 750

Decorative wall hangings 700 1500

 Market Characteristics

 The Home Furnishings Industry in India falls under the purview of the
textile industry. Indian home furnishings manufacturers and home
furnishings exporters offers a spectacular range of bedspreads,
furnishing fabrics, curtains, rugs, durries, carpets, placemats, cushion
covers, table covers, linen, kitchen accessories, made-ups, bed spreads,
bath linen, and other home furnishings accessories to the world.


 Manufacturers of Home Furnishings from India, whether floor coverings,

kitchen linen, bath linen, cushion covers, bed spreads, curtains etc.
create a rage in the international markets.

 Market Size


 The total urban market for the home textiles in India in 2006-07
was estimated to be Rs 93 billion.


 With a modest growth rate of about 14%, the market in 2008-09 is

about Rs 140 billion and is expected to cross Rs 200 billion by
2012.

 Product range

Bed linen, Table linen, Kitchen linen, Toilet linen

Beddings
Bed covers, Bed spreads
Cushions, Cushion covers
Quilts and quilting materials
Curtains
Terry towels
Comforters
Carpets and other floor coverings
Blankets and Rugs

Mattresses
Upholstery
Other made-ups
comforters and bedspreads
under-blankets
cushion inserts and pillows
bean bag covers, cushion and couch covers
filled cushions and chair pads
aprons and shower curtains
tea towels

 Quality Parameters

Color fastness of the raw material and the developed

product is checked.
Weaving & finishing quality.
Packaging done in compliance with the requirement & is
duly maintained.
Production techniques are duly monitored, to ensure best
quality products are developed.
Special attention is being laid on high quality yarn, thread,
dyes, embellishments and finishing.
The final product in subjected to multiple quality
assurance tests before considered approved.

 Different types of Testing done in home
furnishings

color fastness to washing

color fastness to rubbing
color fastness to water
color fastness to light
color fastness to seawater
color fastness to chlorinated water
color fastness of prints
dimensional change to washing
pilling resistance
tear strength
seam slippage
fabric weight
filling weight
item total weight
fabric construction
water absorbency
wettability
thickness
appearance after washing
warmth rating
pile construction
fibre content
tensile strength.

 Performance

 Performance standards set out the minimum physical

requirements and standards of the fabric and finished item.


 The following performance standards have been developed for

bed linen:
 Color fastness and print fastness
 tear strength
 seam slippage
 Dimensional change to washing
 pilling resistance
 Fabric construction
 color matching.

 Color fastness to washing

The ratings are based on a grey scale. The grey scale

ranges from 1 to 5 where:
1 = severe color change or stain
5 = no color change or stain.

Criteria Plain dyed Printed

Change of shade 4 4

Cotton stain 4 3.4

 Color fastness to rubbing

The ratings are based on a grey scale. The grey scale

ranges from 1 to 5 where:
• 1 = severe color change or stain

• 5 = no color change or stain.


Criteria Plain dyed Printed
Dry 4 3-4
Wet 3 2-3
 Color fastness to water and perspiration

Criteria Plain dyed Printed

Change of shade 4 4

Cotton stain 4 4

Nylon stain 3.4 3.4

 Colorfastness to light

Determination of colorfastness to light is performed

using an artificial light source (mercury vapor,
tungsten filament or internally phosphor coated
lamp).
The minimum exposure period is 60 hours.

Criteria Plain dyed Printed
Dark shade 5 5
Medium shade 4 4
Light shade 3 3
 Print fastness after three washes

The print fastness-after-three-washes test is

conducted by using the wash method in
accordance with the Australian Standard AS
2001.5.4

Criteria Plain dyed Printed

Change of shade 4 4
 Color matching

Color matching is the visual comparison of two

samples, an original and a new sample, under
natural or standard light conditions to determine
whether there is any color variation between them.


Criteria Standard

Color matching 4.5

 Tear strength

Tear strength is a test that determines how much

force is required to tear a material.

Criteria Standard

Tear strength 5.5 N
 Seam slippage

This is the measurement of seam separation, which

occurs when sewn fabrics are pulled apart at the
seam. Determination of seam opening due to the
application of force in the transverse direction.

Criteria Standard

Seam slippage 65 N
 Dimensional change to washing

Dimension Polyester and Cotton

Polyester/Cotton
Length -3% -5%

Width -3% -5%

 Pilling resistance

The test measures the resistance of a material or

fabric to pilling. Pilling is the formation of balls
and fuzzingon the surface of a textile material or
fabric. This test is based on ISO 12945: Textiles.
Determination of fabric propensity to surface
fuzzing and to pilling.

 Criteria Premium Low pill

Before wash 4 N/A

After wash 3.4 3.4

 Fabric construction
Fabric Type Ends/Picks per 2.5 cm Cotton Count
Muslin 76 x 68 30 x 30
 
76 x 56 35 x 35
 
60 x 60 22 x 25
 
68 x 68 30 x 30

Flannelette 40 x 42 22 x 10
 
42 x 44 20 x 10
 Fabric weight
The standards are expressed as a tolerance based on a
percentage difference of the contracted weight.


Upper tolerance Lower tolerance

+10% -5%
 Sizing Standards
All measurements and dimensions are for finished
products.
sizes are absolute minimum with no negative
tolerances.
All measurements are:
width x length x height (where applicable) in metric

centimeters.

 Flat sheets

Premium Mainstream/Commodity
Infants N/A 76 cm x 96 cm
bassinet
Infants cot N/A 112 cm x 150 cm
Single bed 180 cm x 254 cm 160 cm x 250 cm
King single 180 cm x 254 cm 180 cm x 260 cm
bed
Double bed 230 cm x 254 cm 230 cm x 250 cm
Queen bed 245 cm x 265 cm 230 cm x 260 cm
King bed 265 cm x 270 cm 250 cm x 260 cm
 Quilt covers

Single bed Double bed Queen bed King bed

140 cm x 210 cm 180 cm x 210 cm 210 cm x 210 cm 245 cm x 210 cm

 Quilt covers ruffled

Single bed Double bed Queen bed King bed

140 cm x 210 cm + 8 cm 180 cm x 210 cm + 8 cm 210 cm x 210 cm + 8 cm 245 cm x 210 cm + 8 cm
frill frill frill frill
 Gathered and Pleated valance

Single
91 cm xbed
193 cm x King single
106 cm x 203bed
cm x Double
137 cm xbed
193 cm x Queen
152 cm bed
x 203 cm x King bed
180 cm x 203 cmx
33 cm 33 cm 33 cm 33 cm 33 cm
 Pillow cases

Infants Infants cot Single bed Double bed Queen bed King bed
bassinet

28 cm x 39 cm 40 cm x 60 cm 48 cm x 73 cm 48 cm x 73 cm 48 cm x 73 cm 48 cm x 73 cm
 Pillow cases ruffled

Single bed Double bed Queen bed King bed Europe Tailored

48 cm x 73 cm 48 cm x 73 cm 48 cm x 73 cm 48 cm x 73 cm 65 cm x 65 cm 48 cm x 73 cm+
+ 8 cm frill + 8 cm frill + 8 cm frill + 8 cm frill + 5 cm edging 5 cm edging
 Elasticizing fitted sheets
 Fitted sheets are sheets that cover the bed mattress. The fabric is darted to allow fitting
over the mattress, and the edges are partially or completely elasticised to ensure form
fitting.


Criteria Standard
Minimum elastic width 7 mm with a 9 mm fabric casing.
Construction Both ends must be securely stitched to
prevent elastic from running into the
casing.
Minimum stretch ratio 1:1.5
This is the minimum length of elastic
sewn to the fabric which will stretch
when tension is applied.
 Frilling
 Frilling is used to form ruffled edges for a decorative effect. Frilling can be applied to
pillow cases, valances and quilt covers.

Criteria Standard
Appearance A minimum of 150% gathering is required.
All gathering is to be evenly distributed.
Gathering is to be around all edges unless otherwise specified.

Hems and edges Raw edges of the frill must be hemmed/overedge stitched.
The edge of the frill may be overlocked with overedge stitching.

Frill width The recommended frill width is 8 cm.

Seams The start and end of frill seams must be securely back stitched or
bar tacked.
The join between frill edges must be aligned.
 Fasteners

Standards have been developed for the following

fastener types:
• snap fasteners

• buttons

• zippers.


 Zippers
 A zipper is a type of fastener that can close and open up a space by sliding up and down along the
zipper chain.


Criteria Standard
AS 2332 Slide Fasteners All zippers must comply with AS 2332 Slide Fasteners.

Zipper slides Zipper slides must:

• travel freely and not jam
• be neatly machined with no sharp edges
• have an auto-locking device.
When the Zipper slide fastener is inserted, a minimum of 3
mm margin must be maintained between the outside edge of
the zipper chain and the material.

Characteristics Zippers must be rust resistant.

 Snap fasteners
 A snap fastener is a type of fastener that consists of a matching male and female part
for attaching one part to another.

Criteria Standard

Attachment Snap fasteners must be securely attached to the facing on either side of the
quilt cover opening or pillow case opening. A concealed opening is also
acceptable.

Alignment Snap fasteners must be positioned parallel to the edge along the quilt
cover opening or pillow case opening.
Snap fasteners must be aligned with each other as well as their
corresponding halves.

Characteristic Snap fasteners must be:

• smooth, with no sharp edges
• rust resistant
• non-brittle
• UV stabilised.
 Buttons

 Fabric pieces are fastened together by passing the button that is attached to one piece
of fabric through a button hole made in the other piece of fabric. Buttons can also
be used for decorative purposes.

 Buttons must be:
v colorfast
v smooth with no sharp edges
v rust resistant
v free from flash with clean sew holes that will not cut the thread
v able to withstand wear and tear
v compatible with the care instructions provided
 Analysis and Comparison
Fabric Testing Summary
TESTS WELLHOME
SPACES
Flammability YES YES
Fiber Content YES YES
Dimensional Stability YES YES
Fabric Weight YES YES
Thread Count YES YES
Yarn Slippage YES NO
Yarn Size YES NO
Bursting YES YES
Seam Strength YES NO
Tear Strength YES YES
Tensile YES YES
Pilling YES YES
 Analysis and Comparison
Fabric Testing Summary

TEST SPACES WELHOME

Resistance to Snagging YES NO
Appearance after Laundry YES NO
Sizing YES YES
Color fastness to Crocking YES YES
Color fastness to washing YES YES
Non Chlorine Bleach YES YES
Chlorine Bleach YES YES
Color fastness to Light YES YES
Color fastness to Perspiration YES YES
Color Fastness to Dry-Cleaning YES NO
Color fastness to Water YES YES
 Bibliography

And special thanks to Mr. Lingam Sreenu , Head of testing

department, Welspun India Limited, Vapi for providing us
with valuable information.

www.google.com
www.welspunind.com
www.hometex.com
www.fibretofashion.com
www.welhome.com
www.spacesindia.com
www.homefurnishing.com



 

 THANK YOU!