Cell Theory and Structure

The Cell Theory
and
Structure
ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO
Cytology and Cell

Cytology the study of cell structure and its
functions
Cell - the basic functioning unit of living
things.
The Development of Cell Theory
Rorbert Hooke
(18 July 1635 - 3 March 1703)
He discovered cells in cork in
1665
Described elements of
magnified cork as cells.
Wrote Micrographia
Robert Hookes drawing of the cells of cork as seen on

early light microscope. The cells of cork are not living,
and only the cell walls remain to outline the cell.
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
(1632-1723)
He had a specific way of
creating lenses that gave him
the advantage of having
microscopes with few
aberrations, and clearer
pictures.
He could get his lenses up to
270x.
Theodore Schwann
(18101882)
He stated that cells are elementary
particles of both plants and animals
(1830).
He also believed that fermentation
granules (yeasts) were cells, and
that cells were units of metabolism.
Schwanns illustrations of various kinds of

animal cells.
The figure shows bronchial cartilage of
the tadpole (top left), mature cartilage
from pig embryo (top center), fibers
(top right), columnar cells (bottom
left), collection of muscle and other
connective tissue cells (bottom center),
and nerve fiber (bottom right), (from
Schwanns "Untersuchungen"
Rudolf Virchow
First wrote that Every animal appears as
a sum of vital units, each of which bears
in itself the complete characteristics of
life.
He also predicted in the 1850s that all
cells come from cells.
He proposed cellular pathology, and
described tumors, healing of tissues etc.
He described all diseases as diseases of
cells, and that it is merely modified life,
or modified cellular function.
Three Principles of Cell Theory

Every living organism is made up of one or more
cells
The smallest living organisms are single cells, and
cells are the functional units of multicellular
organisms
All cells arise from preexisting cells.
10
Microscope
Light Microscope the most common type of
microscope that is used in the study of cell structures.
Electron Microscope use beams of electrons instead
of light. The negatively charged electrons are focused
by magnetic fields rather than conventional lenses.
11
Two Kinds of Electron Microscope

1. Transmission Electron
Microscope (TEM) passes
electrons through a thin
specimen, and can reveal minute
subcellular structures including
organelles and cell membranes.
12
Two Kinds of Electron Microscope

2. Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM)
bounces electrons off
specimen that have been
coated with metals, and
provide three dimensional
images. SEMs can be used
to view structures ranging in
size from entire insects down
to cells and even organelles.
13
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cell
Mostly bacteria
They are usually very small (less than 5m in length)
with relatively simple structure.
have no nuclei (prokaryotic means before a nucleus)
15
Eukaryotic Cell
Plants, animals, protists, and fungi cells
Larger cells (usually more than 10m in diameter)
Contains variety of membranous organelles that lend
structural and functional organization to the cell
interior.
cells do have true nuclei ("eukaryotic" means
"possessing a true nucleus." )
16
Simple visual comparison between a Prokaryotic Cell

and a Eukaryotic cell:
17
The animal cell
18
Three Components of Eukaryotic

Cells
Plasma Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
19
Plasma Membrane
Also called the cell membrane
A double layer (bilayer) of phospholipids
in which embedded different kinds of
proteins
It separates the cell from the surrounding
environment and act as selective filter for
materials attempting to pass into or out of
the cell
In some, such as nerve cells, the plasma
membrane also is involved in intercellular
communications.
20
Nucleus
The most prominent organelle which is
spherical or ovoid in shape enclosed
within two membranes to form the
double-layered nuclear envelope, the
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.
It contains CHROMATIN and one or
more dense, granular structure, the
NUCLEOLI.
The nucleus regulates all cell activity.
21
Nucleolus
Within the nucleus are found
chromatin and a structure called the
nucleolus.
Chromatin is DNA in its active
form.
It consists of DNA looped around
histone proteins.
The nucleolus is a knot of
chromatin.
It is the nucleolus that manufactures
ribosomes
22
Cytoplasm
The substance between the cell membrane and the
nucleus.
Two Main Components
1. Cytosol - A jellylike mixture that consists mostly of
water, along with proteins, carbohydrates and other
organic compouds.
2. Organelles - Membrane bound structures that work
like miniature organs, carrying out specific functions
in the cell.
23
Organelles
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes
Golgi Complex
Lysosomes
Cytoskeleton
Specialty structures
24
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the
cell because of the
enzymes located on
the CRISTAE carry
out the energy
yielding steps of
anaerobic
metabolism.
25
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A series of interconnected
membranous tubes and
channels in the cytoplasm.
Synthesize proteins and lipids
There are two forms of ER:
1. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
2. Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
ROUGH ER has RIBOSOMES
SMOOTH ER has no RIBOSOMES

26
Ribosomes
The rough E.R. has
ribosomes attached to it.
This gives it its texture.
These ribosomes
manufacture proteins for
the cell.
27
Golgi Complex or Golgi Apparatus

A specialized set of membranous sacs
derived from ER
3 MAJOR FUNCTIONS
1. Separates proteins and lipids received
from ER according to their destinations.
2. It modifies some molecules
3. It packages these materials into vesicles
that are transported to other parts of the
cell or the plasma membrane for export
28
Lysosomes
Membranous vesicles that
contain enzymes for digestion of
food.
The major function of lysosomes
is to digest food particles, which
range from individual proteins to
complete microorganisms.
29
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein fibers wherein
most of the organelles are attached.
Several types of protein fibers,
including thick MICROTUBULES,
medium-sized INTERMEDIATE
FILAMENTS, and thin
MICROFILAMENTS make up the
skeleton.
These provide support and maintain
the form of the cell, and in many
cells, they provide a means of
locomotion and translocation of
organelles within the cells.
30
Microfilaments
Thin linear structures, first observed distinctly in
muscle cells, where they are responsible for the
ability of the cell to contract.
They are made of protein called ACTIN
Some proteins bind with actin and determine the
configuration and behavior in particular cells. One of
these is MYOSIN, the interaction of which with actin
causes contraction in muscle and other cells.
31
Microtubules
Larger than microfilaments.
Tubular structures composed of proteins called TUBULIN.
They play a vital role in moving the chromosomes toward the
daughter cells during cell division.
They are important intracellular architecture, organization and
transport.
Essential parts of the structures of CILIA and FLAGELLA.
They radiate out from a microtuble organizing center called
the CENTROSOME. Within the centrosome are found pair of
CENTRIOLES, which are themselves composed of
microtubules.
32
Intermediate Filament
Normally found in only one or a few cell types
It anchors the microfilaments of actin muscle cells,
ensuring that the cells do not tear themselves apart
during strong contractions.
33
Specialty Structures
Centrioles
Vacuoles
Cell Wall
Plastids
Cilia and Flagella
34
Centrioles
Centrioles are found
only in animal cells.
They function in cell
division.
35
Vacuoles
Sacs bounded by single
membrane
They serve a variety of
functions including
storing of food or
wastes, eliminating
water and supporting
the cell
36
Cell Walls
Cell walls are the rigid
structure found
surrounding plant cells.
They provide support
for the plant .
37
Plastids
Plastids are large organelles found on plants
and some protists but not in animals or fungi.
They can easily be seem through a light
microscope.
Chloroplasts represent one group of plastids
called chromoplasts (colored plastids).
The other class of plastid are called
leucoplasts (colorless plastids); they usually
store food molecules. Included in this group
are amyloplasts or starch plastids shown
here in potato root cell.
38
Cilia and Flagella

These are hair like extensions off of the
cell membrane.
Their structures are similar except that
cilia tend to be small and numerous and
flagella tent to be large and fewer.
Their they beat back and forth rythmically.
In unicellular organisms their job is
locomotion.
In large multicell organisms their role is to
move fluid past the cell.
Notice the 9+2 arrangement of the
microtubles.
39
Prokaryotic VS Eukaryotic Cells

PROKARYOTES
EUKARYOTES
SIZE
1 - 2 m
5 - 100 m
NUCLEUS
Absent

Present: bounded by
nuclear envelope
DNA
Single,
circular
Multiple, linear, associated

withprotein(chromatin)
CELL DIVISION
Simple
fission
INTERNAL
MEMBRANES
Rare
Complex (Golgi apparatus,

ER, etc.)
RIBOSOMES
70S
80S (70S in organelles)
CYTOSKELETON
Absent
Microtubules,
microfilaments,
intermediate filaments
MOTILITY
Flagella (9+2)
Cilia and Flagella
FIRST APPEARED
3.5 billion years
1.5 billion years ago
Mitosis or meiosis
Membrane Structure and

Function
Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico
41
Functions of cell membrane

Isolates the cell cytoplasm from the external
environment
Regulates the exchange of essential substances
between the cytoplasm and the external environment
to maintain internal balance called homeostasis.
Communicates with other cells
Identifies the cell as belonging to a particular species
and particular individual member of that species.
42
Basic Structure of Cell Membrane

Outside of cell
Proteins
Lipid
Bilayer
Transport
Protein
Carbohydrate
chains
Phospholipids
Inside of cell
(cytoplasm)
43
Basic Structure of Cell Membrane

Phospoholipids
Proteins
Steroids
44
Phospholipids
Lipid Bilayer -2 layers of
phospholipids
a. Phosphate head is polar
(water loving)
b. Fatty acid tails non-polar
(water fearing)
c. Proteins embedded in
membrane
Phospholipid
Lipid Bilayer
45
Polar heads
love water
& dissolve.
Non-polar
tails hide
from water.
Carbohydrate cell
markers
Proteins
46
PROTEINS
Floating around in the
cell membrane are
different kinds of
proteins.
These are generally
globular proteins.
They are not held in any
fixed pattern but instead
float around in the
phospholipid layer.
47
Generally these proteins structurally fall into three

catagories...
TRANSPORT PROTEINS Proteins that regulate
transport and diffusion
RECECEPTOR PROTEINS allow the cell to receive
instructions
RECOGNITION PROTEINS serve as identification tags and cellsurface attachment sites.
48
Steroids
Steriods are sometimes a component of cell
membranes in the form of cholesterol.
When it is present it reduces the fluidity of the
membrane.
Not all membranes contain cholesterol.
49
Transport Across Membrane
50
About the Cell Membrane

Cell membranes have pores (holes) in it
a. Selectively permeable: Allows some
molecules in and keeps other molecules out
b.The structure helps it be selective!
51
Types of Cellular Transport
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
Passive Transport
cell doesnt use energy (ATP)
Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Active Transport
cell does use energy (ATP)
Protein Pumps
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
52
1. Passive Transport
cell uses no energy

molecules move randomly
Molecules spread out from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration.
(HighLow)
53
3 Types of Passive Transport

Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
54
1. 1 Diffusion
Diffusion: random movement of
particles from an area of high
concentration to an area of
low concentration.
(High to Low)
Diffusion continues until all

molecules are evenly spaced
(equilibrium is reached)-
Note: molecules will still move

around but stay spread out.
55
1.2 Facilitated Diffusion

Facilitated diffusion:
diffusion of specific
particles through
transport proteins
found in the membrane
a. Transport Proteins are
specific they select
only certain molecules
to cross the membrane
b. Transports larger or
charged molecules
Facilitated
diffusion
(Channel
Protein)
Diffusion
(Lipid
Bilayer)
Carrier Protein
56
Facilitated diffusion
Cellular Transport From aHigh Concentration
Glucose
molecules
High
Cell Membrane
Low Concentration
Through a
Go to
Section:
Protein
channel
Low
Transport
Protein
57
1.3 Osmosis
The diffusion of water across semipermeable membrane
OSMOTIC PRESSURE - the
physical pressure that exactly
balances the osmosis of water due
to the concentration difference
between a solution and pure
water.
TONICITY - Refers to the

strength of a solution in
relation to osmosis.
Water moves freely

through pores.
Solute (green) to
large to move across.
58
Hypotonic Solution
Hypotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of
solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside
the cell. (Low solute; High water)
Result: Water moves from the solution to

inside the cell): Cell Swells and bursts open
(cytolysis)!
59
Hypertonic Solution
Hypertonic: The solution has a higher concentration of
solutes and a lower concentration of water than inside the
cell. (High solute; Low water)
Result: Water moves from inside the cell into the

solution: Cell shrinks (Plasmolysis)!
60
Isotonic solution
Isotonic: The concentration of solutes in the solution
is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell.
Result: Water moves equally in both directions and

the cell remains same size! (Dynamic Equilibrium)
61
tonicity
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Hypotonic
62
2. Active Transport
cell uses energy (ATP)
actively moves molecules to where they are needed
Movement from an area of low concentration to
an area of high concentration
(Low High)
63
Types of Active Transport

Protein Pumps
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
64
2.1 Protein Pumps

. Protein Pumps -transport
proteins that require energy
to do work
Example: Sodium /
Potassium Pumps are
important in nerve
responses.
Protein changes
shape to move
molecules: this
requires energy!
65
2.2 Endocytosis
The process wherein large molecules enter the cell
Three Types (pinocytosis, phagocytosis and carrier
mediated endocytosis),
66
2.2.1 Pinocytosis
Pinocytosis (Cell Drinking) the tiny droplets of
extra cellular fluid with all its contained solutes
are taken in by engulfing.
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/eustruct/pinocyt.html
67
2.2.2 Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis (Cell Eating) the large particles of whole
cells are ingested
68
2.2.3 Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis the specific
substance are ingested by binding to receptor proteins
located in coated its on the membrane. Included in this
type of receptors are hormones, enzymes, and blood
materials.
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/rectpr.htm
69
2.3 Exocytosis
Forces material out of cell in bulk
membrane surrounding the
material fuses with cell
membrane
Cell changes shape requires
energy
EX: Hormones or wastes
released from cell
70

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Cell Theory and Structure

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The Cell Theory

Cytology and Cell

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

The Development of Cell Theory

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

Robert Hookes drawing of the cells of cork as seen on

Anton Von Leeuwenhoek

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

Schwanns illustrations of various kinds of

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

Three Principles of Cell Theory

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

Two Kinds of Electron Microscope

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

Two Kinds of Electron Microscope

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

Simple visual comparison between a Prokaryotic Cell

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

The animal cell

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

Three Components of Eukaryotic

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

ROUGH ER has RIBOSOMES

SMOOTH ER has no RIBOSOMES

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

Golgi Complex or Golgi Apparatus

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

Cilia and Flagella

ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO

Prokaryotic VS Eukaryotic Cells

Multiple, linear, associated

Complex (Golgi apparatus,

80S (70S in organelles)

Cilia and Flagella

3.5 billion years

1.5 billion years ago

Membrane Structure and

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

Functions of cell membrane

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

Basic Structure of Cell Membrane

Basic Structure of Cell Membrane

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico