CHEMICAL

CHEMICAL Chemistry I – Chapter 8

BONDING
BONDING
Chemistry I Honors –
Chapter 12

Cocaine

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 2

Chemical Bonding
Problems and questions —
How is a molecule or polyatomic
ion held together?
Why are atoms distributed at
strange angles?
Why are molecules not flat?
Can we predict the structure?
How is structure related to
chemical and physical
properties?
 3
Review of Chemical Bonds
• There are 3 forms of bonding:
• _________—complete transfer of 1 or
more electrons from one atom to
another (one loses, the other gains)
forming oppositely charged ions that
attract one another
• _________—some valence electrons
shared between atoms
• _________ – holds atoms of a metal
together
Most bonds are
somewhere in
between ionic
and covalent.
The type of bond can usually be calculated by 4
finding the difference in electronegativity of
the two atoms that are going together.
 5
Electronegativity Difference

• If the difference in electronegativities

is between:
– 1.7 to 4.0: Ionic
– 0.3 to 1.7: Polar Covalent
– 0.0 to 0.3: Non-Polar Covalent
Example: NaCl
Na = 0.8, Cl = 3.0
Difference is 2.2, so
this is an ionic bond!
 6

Ionic
Ionic Bonds
Bonds
All those ionic compounds were made
from ionic bonds. We’ve been
through this in great detail already.
Positive cations and the negative
anions are attracted to one another
(remember the Paula Abdul Principle
of Chemistry: Opposites Attract!)

Therefore, ionic
compounds are usually
between metals and
nonmetals (opposite ends
of the periodic table).
 7
• Electron distribution is
Electron
Electron depicted with Lewis
Distribution
Distribution in
in (electron dot)
Molecules
Molecules structures
• This is how you
decide how many
atoms will bond
covalently!

(In ionic bonds, it

was decided with
charges)
G. N. Lewis
1875 - 1946
 8

Bond and Lone Pairs

• Valence electrons are distributed
as shared or BOND PAIRS and
unshared or LONE PAIRS.
••

H Cl •
•
••
lone pair (LP)
shared or
bond pair

This is called a LEWIS

structure.
 Bond Formation
9

A bond can result from an overlap of

atomic orbitals on neighboring atoms.

•• ••

H + Cl
••
•
• H Cl •
•
••

Overlap of H (1s) and Cl (2p)

Note that each atom has a single,
unpaired electron.
 10
Review
Review of
of Valence
Valence Electrons
Electrons
• Remember from the electron chapter
that valence electrons are the
electrons in the OUTERMOST energy
level… that’s why we did all those
electron configurations!
• B is 1s2 2s2 2p1; so the outer energy
level is 2, and there are 2+1 = 3
electrons in level 2. These are the
valence electrons!
• Br is [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p5
How many valence electrons are
present?
Review of Valence Electrons
11

Number of valence electrons of a main (A)

group atom = Group number
Steps for Building a Dot Structure
12

Ammonia, NH3
1. Decide on the central atom; never H. Why?
If there is a choice, the central atom is atom of
lowest affinity for electrons. (Most of the time, this is the
least electronegative atom…in advanced chemistry we use a
thing called formal charge to determine the central atom. But
that’s another story!)
Therefore, N is central on this one
2. Add up the number of valence electrons
that can be used.
H = 1 and N = 5
Total = (3 x 1) + 5
= 8 electrons / 4 pairs
 13
Building a Dot Structure
3. Form a single bond
between the central atom and H N H
each surrounding atom (each
bond takes 2 electrons!)
H
4. Remaining electrons form ••
LONE PAIRS to complete the octet H N H
as needed (or duet in the case of
H). H
3 BOND PAIRS and 1 LONE PAIR.
Note that N has a share in 4 pairs (8
electrons), while H shares 1 pair.
 14
Building a Dot Structure
••
5. Check to make sure there are 8
electrons around each atom H N H
except H. H should only have 2
electrons. This includes SHARED H
pairs.

6. Also, check the number of electrons in your

drawing with the number of electrons from
step 2. If you have more electrons in the
drawing than in step 2, you must make
double or triple bonds. If you have less
electrons in the drawing than in step 2, you
made a mistake!
 15

Carbon
Carbon Dioxide,
Dioxide, CO
CO22
1. Central atom = C 4 e-
O 6 e- X 2 O’s = 12 e-
2. Valence electrons =
Total: 16 valence electrons
3. Form bonds.
O C O This leaves 12 electrons (6 pair).
4. Place lone pairs on outer atoms.

5. Check to see that all atoms have 8 electrons

around it except for H, which can have 2.
 16

Carbon
Carbon Dioxide,
Dioxide, CO
CO22
C 4 e-
O 6 e- X 2 O’s = 12 e-
Total: 16 valence electrons
How many are in the drawing?
6. There are too many electrons in our drawing. We
must form DOUBLE BONDS between C and O.
Instead of sharing only 1 pair, a double bond shares 2
pairs. So one pair is taken away from each atom and
replaced with another bond.

O C O
••
••
••
•• •• ••
O C O
••
O C O
••
•• •• •• ••
••
•• ••
•• •••• ••••
 17
Double and H2CO
even triple
bonds are
commonly
observed for C,
N, P, O, and S

SO3

O C O
•• ••

C2F4 O
••
••
••
C O••
••
••
 18

Now
Now You
You Try
Try One!
One!
Draw
Draw Sulfur
Sulfur Dioxide,
Dioxide, SO
SO22
 19
Violations
Violations of
of the
the Octet
Octet Rule
Rule
(Honors
(Honors only)
only)

Usually occurs with B and elements

of higher periods. Common
exceptions are: Be, B, P, S, and Xe.

Be: 4
B: 6
P: 8 OR 10
S: 8, 10, OR 12 SF44
BF33 Xe: 8, 10, OR 12
 20
MOLECULAR
MOLECULAR
GEOMETRY
GEOMETRY
 21

MOLECULAR
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
GEOMETRY
Molecule
Molecule adopts
adopts
the
the shape
shape that
that
VSEPR minimizes
minimizes the
the
• Valence Shell Electron Pair electron
electron pair
pair
Repulsion theory. repulsions.
repulsions.
• Most important factor in
determining geometry is
relative repulsion between
electron pairs.
 22

Some Common Geometries

Linear

Trigonal Planar Tetrahedral

 23
VSEPR charts
• Use the Lewis structure to determine the geometry
of the molecule
• Electron arrangement establishes the bond angles
• Molecule takes the shape of that portion of the
electron arrangement
• Charts look at the CENTRAL atom for all data!
• Think REGIONS OF ELECTRON DENSITY rather
than bonds (for instance, a double bond would
only be 1 region)
24
 25
Other VSEPR charts
 26

Structure
Structure Determination
Determination by
by VSEPR
VSEPR

Water, H2O
The
The electron
electron pair
pair
••
•• geometry
geometry is
is
H O H ••
TETRAHEDRAL
TETRAHEDRAL
••

2 bond
pairs
The
The molecular
molecular
2 lone
geometry
geometry is
is
pairs
BENT
BENT..
 27

Structure
Structure Determination
Determination by
by
VSEPR
VSEPR
Ammonia, NH3
The electron pair geometry is tetrahedral.
lone pair of electrons
in tetrahedral position
N
H H
H

The MOLECULAR
The MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
GEOMETRY — — the
the
positions
positions of
of the
the atoms
atoms —
— is
is TRIGONAL
TRIGONAL
PYRAMID
PYRAMID..
 Bond
Bond Polarity
Polarity
28

HCl is POLAR because it

has a positive end and a
negative end. (difference
in electronegativity)

+δ -δ Cl has a greater share in

••
H Cl •• bonding electrons than
•• does H.

Cl has slight negative charge (-δ ) and H has

slight positive charge (+ δ )
 Bond
Bond Polarity
Polarity
29

• This is why oil and water will not mix! Oil

is nonpolar, and water is polar.
• The two will repel each other, and so you
can not dissolve one in the other
Bond
Bond Polarity
Polarity
30

• “Like Dissolves Like”

–Polar dissolves Polar
–Nonpolar dissolves
Nonpolar
 31

Diatomic Elements

• These elements do not exist as a single atom;

they always appear as pairs
• When atoms turn into ions, this NO LONGER
HAPPENS!
– Hydrogen

Remember:
– Nitrogen
– Oxygen
– Fluorine

BrINClHOF
– Chlorine
– Bromine
– Iodine