Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Shot
Receiver
Seismic Record
Trough
Peak
Layer 1
Layer 1
Layer 2
Impedance
Increase
Layer 2
Layer 2
Layer 3
Layer 3
Layer 3
Layer 4
Layer 4
Impedance
Decrease
Impedance
Increase
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
FW
Schroeder
L 6 Seismic
Increase in Impedance
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
Decrease in Impedance
FW
Schroeder
L 6 Seismic
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
FW
Schroeder
L 6 Seismic
Predominantly
Shale
Predominantly
Sand
Predominantly
Shale
10 m
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
FW
Schroeder
L 6 Seismic
Compression
A = Amplitude
= Wavelength
length, ft or m
P = Period
time
Dp = Pulse
Period = Time for the waveform Duration
to travel 1 wavelength
time
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
FW
Schroeder
L 6 Seismic
Basic Equations
1. P = 1 / f
2.
=V*P = V/f
3. d = V * T / 2
where
P = Period
V = Velocity
f = Frequency d = distance (depth)
= Wavelength T = time
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
FW
Schroeder
L 6 Seismic
Back to Basics
Seismic energy travels down and
is reflected off acoustic boundaries
Shot
Seismic
Record
Receiver
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Increase in
impedance
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
Increase in
impedance
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
FW
Schroeder
L 6 Seismic
1.4
Shot
Receiver
Reflection
Coefficients
High
C
O
N
V
O
L
U
T
I
O
N
I1 = 1 * V1
I2 =
* V2
I3 =
* V3
I4 =
* V4
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
Pulse Seismic
Trace
FW
Schroeder
L 6 Seismic
Reflection
Coefficients
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
Ideal Seismic
Pulse
Trace
FW
Schroeder
Typical Seismic
Pulse
Trace
L 6 Seismic
Types of Pulses
Reflection
Coefficients
Minimum Phase
Causal (real no motion
before wave arrives)
Front loaded
Peak arrival time is
frequency dependant
RC is at the first
displacement; maximum
displacement (peak or
trough) is delayed by
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
FW
Schroeder
L 6 Seismic
Types of Pulses
Reflection
Coefficients
Zero Phase
Not Causal (not real, since
there is motion before the
wave arrives)
Symmetric about RC
Peak arrival time is not
frequency dependant
Maximum peak-to-side
lobe ratio
RC is at the maximum
displacement (peak or
trough)
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
FW
Schroeder
L 6 Seismic
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
FW
Schroeder
L 6 Seismic
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
FW
Schroeder
L 6 Seismic
Shot
Receiver
Layer 1
Layer 2
Boundary
FW
Schroeder
L 6 Seismic
Seismic Interface
Shale
Sand
I below I above
Reflection
=
Coefficient I
+I
below
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
above
FW
Schroeder
L 6 Seismic
Seismic Interface
Shale
Sand
I below I above
Reflection
=
Coefficient I
+I
below
above
4320 - 3400
4300 + 3400
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
Schroeder
0.119
L 6 Seismic
Seismic Interface
Velocity = 2000 m/s
Density = 1.7 gm/cc
Shale
Carbonate
I below I above
Reflection
=
Coefficient I
+I
below
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
above
FW
Schroeder
L 6 Seismic
Seismic Interface
Velocity = 2000 m/s
Density = 1.7 gm/cc
I = 2000 * 1.7 = 3400
Shale
Carbonate
I below I above
Reflection
=
Coefficient I
+I
below
above
5460 - 3400
5460 + 3400
FW
Schroeder
0.232
L 6 Seismic
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
FW
Schroeder
L 6 Seismic
Unconformities
Facies Changes
Coastal Plain
Foreshore/Upper Shoreface
Slope - Basin
Submarine Fan
Estuarine
Condensed Interval
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
FW
Schroeder
L 6 Seismic
FW
Schroeder
L 6 Seismic
Multiples
Others
Stratal Surfaces
Unconformities
W
Facies Changes
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
FW
Schroeder
L 6 Seismic
Another Exercise
6c. Generating
a Modeled
Seismic Trace
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
FW
Schroeder
L 6 Seismic
The Pulse
3 Ref. Coeff.
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
FW
Schroeder
L 6 Seismic