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AIR
The air is a layer of gases surrounding the planet that is
retained by Earth's gravity.
The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing
ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through
heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducing
temperature extremes between day and night (the
diurnal temperature variation).
The common name given to the atmospheric gases used
in breathing and photosynthesis is air .
AIR ENVIRONMENT
Air is a special important and microbes and their
activities are of great importance in many ways since;
Of all environments, air is the simplest one and it occurs
in a single phase gas.
Air environment is instrumental in the chain of
biochemical reactions.
Air is the environment that provides oxygen necessary
for the life of living organisms.
Without air, life is not possible.
COMPOSITION OF AIR
Air is a gaseous environment.
The relative quantities of various gases in air, by
volume percentage are; Nitrogen 78 %, Oxygen
21%, Argon 0.9 %, Carbon dioxide 0.03 %,
Hydrogen 0.01%
Other gases in trace amounts
In addition to various gases, dust and condensed
vapor may also be found in air.
LAYERS OF AIR
Various layers can be recognized in the atmosphere up to a height of
about 1000km.
Although air content and atmospheric pressure vary at different layers,
air suitable for the survival of terrestrial plants and terrestrial animals
currently is only known to be found in Earth's troposphere and artificial
atmospheres. This layer is nearest to the earth.
In temperate regions, troposphere extends up to about 11 km whereas in
tropics up to about 16km. This layer is characterized by a heavy load of
microorganisms.
Above the troposphere, the temperature starts to increase and the
atmosphere become unsuitable for microbial growth and population.
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
1. Atmosphere :
In addition to water droplets, dust particles and other matter, air also contains
microbes. These microbes follow a particular pathway in which they are
suspended into the atmosphere which includes.
a. Launching into the air (source of the launching of airborne microbes stems
from humans, animals and vegetation)
b. Transported (by various methods including winds, machinery and people )
c. Deposited in new atmosphere/environment
d. The atmosphere can have a variety of physical characteristics, and can be
very extreme in terms of the relative humidity, temperature and radiation.
e. These factors play a huge role in what kinds of microbes will survive in the
atmosphere and how long they will stay alive.
2. Clouds
This is a second area in the air environment where bio aerosols can
exist.
Cloud water is a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds suspended
within moisture (contribution of microbial activity to clouds).
The conditions in clouds are not conducive to much life as;
a. Microbes present there must withstand freezing temperatures, the
threat of desiccation, and extreme UV rays
b. Clouds have acidic environment, with a pH ranging from 3 to 7.
Nevertheless, there are extremophile microbes which can withstand all
of these environmental pressures. Clouds serve as a transport for
these microbes, dispersing them over long distances.
3. Environmental stresses
These stresses pose a variety of problems for survival of microbes
and include;
Desiccation (it limits the amount of time that they can survive
while suspended in the air)
Humidity (it affects the survival of organisms in air)
Temperature (too hot of temperatures can denature proteins,
and too cold of temperatures can cause ice crystal formation)
Radiation (it can damage DNA within the cells) In dry whether
the microbial load of air is high while in wet weather the rain
washes the microorganisms from the air.
SOURCE OF BIOAEROSOL
AEROSOL
Component
Physical nature
BIOAEROSOL
Composition : solid, liquid, or mixture of the two
Microorganisms associated with airborne particles
Average diameter of airborne bacterial particles
> 5 m; average size of a soil borne bacterium is
0.3 1 m.
GERAK BROWN
~ gerakan tak beraturan akibat benturan
antar partikel
Gerak Brown dipengaruhi: suhu, ukuran
partikel, kelembaban udara, medan
elektromagnetik
Manusia menghirup 10 m3 udara per hari, sebagian
besar aerosol akan tertahan rongga hidung dan
nasofaring), partikel berdiameter <6 m akan
diteruskan ke paru, dan yang menetap di alveoli
merupakan partikel berdiameter 1-2m.
AIR-BORNE DISEASES
Bacteria Disease
Virus Disease
Influenza virus - Influenza
Hantavirus - Pulmonary syndrome
Hepatitis virus - Hepatitis
Herpes virus - Chicken pox
Picorna virus - Common cold
Flavivirus - Dengue fever
Rubella virus - Rubella
Measles virus - Measles
Fungi Disease
Aspergillus fumigatus - Aspergillosis
Blastomyces dermatiridi - Blastomycosis
Coccidioides immitis - Coccidioidomyosis
Cryptococcus neoformans - Cryptococcosis
Histoplasma capsulatum - Histoplasmosis
Pneumocystis carinii - Pneumocystitis
EBOLA
8. PENGENDALIAN BIOAEROSOL
Ventilasi
- Untuk mencegah akumulasi partikel airborne
- Terjadi percamp antara udara intramural dan extramural
Filtrasi
- Penggunaan filter HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air)
- Mampu mencegah partikel penyebab infeksi
- Umum digunakan pada biological safety hoods
- Jarang diterapkan dlm sistem filtrasi gedung
Isolasi
- Penutupan lingkungan melalui penggunaan gradien udara bertekanan
(positip/negatif) dan penyegelan kedap udara
- Gradient udara negatif, contoh exhaust fan yang menggunakan HEPA
- Gradient udara positip, contoh laminar airflow cabinet
MICROORGANISMS IN
TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
Materi Ukuran
miner
al
0,0003
Pasir
2 mm
Partikel organik
0,12
Pasir
halus
50 m
Tanah
liat
granulometrik
2 m
30
Tanah
0,2 m
liat halus
Partikel organik,
mikroba besar:
cendawan, actinomycetes, koloni
bakteria
Materi organik amorfik:
substansi humus, biopolimer
Mikroba kecil: bakteria,
spora cendawan, virus
besar
virus
Atmosfir tanah
Lokasi
Komposisi (% volume)
N2
Atmosfer
78,1
Permukaan tanah 78,1
yang teraerasi
baik
Tanah liat lembut >79
atau tanah jenuh
O2
CO2
20,9
18-20,5
0,03
0,3-3
~0-10
> 10
Mikroba tanah culturable 108 sel/g (> 10.000 sp bakteri) dari total
>1010 sel/g mikroba , 80-90% mikroba melekat pada partikel tanah.
~ autochthonous dan allochthonous
Mikroba berperan dalam pembentukan agregat tanah, yang memiliki
fungsi mempertahankan kelembaham dan proteksi dari predator.
Populasi berfluktuasi mengikuti pasokan nutrien, mikroba dan faktor
lingkungan.
Mikroba penghuni batuan berdasarkan kedudukannya dibedakan
(lithobiotic) sebagai hipolitik (hypholithic), endolitik (endolithic) dan
epilitik (epilithic).
41
Terrestrial Environments
Microbos
Bacteria
Number /g
108
Biomass(g/m3)
160
Fungi
105
200
Actinomycets
105 - 106
160
Algae
104 - 105
32
Protozoa
104
38
Alcaligenes
Arthrobacter
Bacillus
Caulobacter
Cellulomonas
Clostridium
Corynebacterium
Flavobacterium
Micrococcus
Mycobacterium
Pseudomonas
Staphylcoccus
Blue-green algae:
Rhodococcus, Bacillus,
Arthrobacter
>4
Pseudomonas, Streptomyces,
Thermoactinomyces,
Aspergillus, Penicillium
Rumput pampas
Mawar
Tragescanthia
Arthrobacter
Streptomyces
Pseudomonas
Bacillus
Ciri khas
Heterotrofik, aerobik, Gram
variabel, 40% bakteria tanah yang
dapat dikultur
Heterotrofik, aerobik, Gram
positif, 5-20% bakteria tanah yang
dapat dikultur
Heterotrofik atau khemolitotrofik
(menggunakan H2 dan CO), aerobik
Fungsi
Siklus nutrien dan
biodegradasi
Siklus nutrien, biodegradasi, produksi
anti-biotik
Siklus nutrien, biodegradasi termasuk
senyawa rekalsitran,
agen kontrol biologis
Fungi
Fungi termasuk mikroba eukariot, heterotrof dan
pendekomposisi utama sisa-sisa bahan organik.
Beberapa species diketahui sebagai patogen
tanaman (Fusarium, Sclerotium, Phytophthora, ,
Rhizoctonia) dan beberapa juga dikenal sebagai
antagonis patogen (Trichoderma, Gliocladium),
beberapa mampu menghasilkan antibiotik
(Penicillium, Trichoderma)
STANDING STOCK
Cells/g
kg/ha
True bacteria
106 109
Actinomycetes
105 - 108
0,2
101 - 102
454
Filamentous fungi
36,9
Protozoans
Microfauna
103
102 - 104
104 - 106
36
Rizosfer
(CFU* per
gr)
120x107
Nonrizosfer
(CFU per gr)
5x105
Rasio
R/S
Fungi
12x105
1x105
12
Protozoa
2,4x103
1x103
2,4
Amonifikasi
500x106
4x106
125
Denitrifikas
i
1260x105
1x105
1260
Bakteria
24
Manfaat
Monitoring polutan
udara
Mempelajari
perubahan iklim
Obat-obatan
Makanan
Parfum dan
perlengkapan toilet
Lain-lain
AQUATIC MICROBIOLOGY
Water is the dominant compound on the earth; it occupies
of the earths surface.
Continuously cycled between hydrosphere, atmosphere, and
lithosphere hydrologic cycle
Water evaporates, accumulates in the atmosphere, and returns to
the earth through condensation and precipitation.
66
AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
INLAND WATER:
- FRESH WATER
- BRACKISH
MARINE WATER
(PERAIRAN EKSTRIM)
Fresh water:
1.
Mata
air
miskin
hara:
algae
fotosintetik~102-108 sel/ml, mikroba
heterotrof hingga (101-106 sel/ml)
Sungai: mikroba fotosintetik berkisar
100-108 sel/ml, mikroba heterotrofik
mencapai 104-109 sel per ml
zone
zone
zone
zone
zone
litoral
interfase atau lapisan neuston
limnetik
profundal
bentik
Zone Oligotrofik
Zone Eutrofik
Sinar matahari
2H2S
4H+ + 4e- + 2S
74
75
Marine Environments
Resembles profile of lake but has variations in salinity,
depth, temperature, hydrostatic pressure, and mixing
Contains a zone, called an estuary, where river meets the
sea; fluctuates in salinity, is very high in nutrients
Tidal wave action subjects the coastal habitat to alternate
period of submersion and exposure.
Abyssal zone extends to a depth of 10,000m; supports
communities with extreme adaptations including:
halophilic, psychrophilic, barophilic, and in some areas, anaerobes
76
Marine Water:
Habitat perairan laut ~: (1.) neuston, (2.) pelagik,
(3.) epibiotik, dan (4.) Habitat endobiotik.
Epipelagik~Gram-negatif, batang, beberapa
dengan vakuola udara; a.l: Alteromonas, Vibrio,
Marinomonas, dan Photobacterium, algae,
sianobakteria.
Lingk. oligotrofik sianobakteria seperti
Trichodesmium, Nostoc dan Nodularia penting
karena kemampuannya mengikat N dan C
Aquatic Communities
Microbial distribution is associated with sunlight,
temperature, oxygen levels, and available nutrients.
Photic zone is most productive-contains plankton
phytoplankton variety of photosynthetic algae and
cyanobacteria
zooplankton microscopic consumers; filter feed, prey, or
scavenge
79
81
2006
Distribusi bakteri
Di lautan lepas, jumlah
bakteri rendah.
Bersama dengan
fitoplankton, umumnya
berada di permukaan.
Prokaryot permukaan:
107 sel/ml
Distribusi Bakteri
Distribusi
berdasar ke
dalaman
terkait dengan
suhu dan
salinitas
Distribusi bakteri
Bersesuaian
dengan
khlorofil a
Bakteri di sedimen
Dinamika fisiko-kimia biologi pada aliran air yang menerima cemaran orga