INDUSTRIAL

MICROBIOLOGY
Lecture III
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS: THREE
DOMAINS OF LIVING THINGS

INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY
the study of the large-scale and profit
motivated production of microorganisms or
their products for direct use, or as inputs in the
manufacture of other goods

uses microorganisms, typically grown on a

large scale, to produce products or carry out
chemical transformation

basically associated with the commercial

ERNST H. HAECKEL
In 1866, the German
naturalist Ernst H.
Haeckel coined the
term "protist" for a
microorganism, and
he placed all
bacterial, protozoal,
algal, and fungal
species in this third
kingdom.

ROBERT H. WHITTAKER
In 1969, Robert H.
Whittaker of Cornell
University proposed a
system that quickly gained
wide acceptance in the
scientific community.

Further expanded in
succeeding years by Lynn
Margulis of the University
of Massachusetts, the five

FIVE-KINGDOM
SYSTEM
This system implies
an evolutionary
lineage, beginning
with the Monera
and extending to
the Protista. In this
scheme, certain
Protista were
believed to be
ancestors of the
Plantae, Fungi, and
Animalia.

FIVE-KINGDOM
SYSTEM
In the five-kingdom system,
bacterial organisms were so
different from other organisms they
must be in their own kingdom.

Protista were limited to the

protozoa and the unicellular algae.

Fungi included non-green, nonphotosynthetic eukaryotic

organismsthat, along with other
characteristics, had cell walls that
were chemically different from
those in bacterial, algal, and plant
cells.

CARL WOESE
Carl Woese, who along with his
coworkers at the University of Illinois
proposed a new classification scheme
with a new most inclusive taxon, the
domain.
The new scheme primarily came from
work that compared the nucleotide
base sequences of the RNA in
ribosomes, those protein manufacturing
machines needed by all cells.

CARL WOESE
In Woese's three domain system, one domain
includes the former archaebacteria and is
called the domain Archaea.
The second encompasses all the remaining
true bacteria and is called the domain
Bacteria.
The third domain, the Eukarya, includes the
four remaining kingdoms (i.e.', Protista,

 Fundamental differences in genetic endowments are the basis for the

three domains of all organisms on Earth. The line length between any
two groups is proportional to their genetic differences.