ENEM 14011: ENERGY CONVERSION

Positive Displacement Machine

(Compressor)
(Chapter 12)
Week 7
Course Coordinator and Lecturer
Associate Professor Mohammad Rasul
Building : 30 Room: 1.14
Phone: 49309676
Email: m.rasul@cqu.edu.au

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What is compressor?
A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas or
air by reducing its volume.
The function of a compressor is to take a definite quantity of fluid ( gas or
air) and deliver it to a required pressure.
Types of Compressor
There are two main types
Positive displacement compressor:
A type of compressor that delivers a fixed volumes of fluid (air or gas) at high
pressures. Common types of positive displacement compressors include
piston compressors and rotary compressors
Dynamic compressor:
A type of compressor that delivers larges volumes of fluid (air or gas) at low
pressures. Common types of dynamic compressors include centrifugal and
axial compressors

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Applications of Compressor
Compressors are used in various applications where either higher
pressures or lower volumes of gas are needed:
--- in pipeline transport of purified natural gas to move the gas from
the production site to the consumer.
--- in petroleum refineries, natural gas processing plants,
petrochemical and chemical plants, and similar large industrial
plants for compressing intermediate and end product gases.
--- in refrigeration and air conditioner equipment to move heat from
one place to another in refrigerant cycles: for an example Vapourcompression refrigeration.
--- in gas turbine systems to compress the intake combustion air.
--- in storing purified or manufactured gases in a small volume, high
pressure cylinders for medical, welding and other uses.

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--- in many various industrial, manufacturing and building
processes to power all types of pneumatic tools.
--- as a medium for transferring energy, such as to power
pneumatic equipment.
--- in pressurised aircraft to provide a breathable atmosphere of
higher than ambient pressure.
--- in some types of jet engines (such as turbojets and turbofans)
to provide the air required for combustion of the engine fuel.

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In this course two types of compressor will be discussed which
are reciprocating and rotary types.
On the basis of performance, a general characteristics for both
Reciprocating and Rotary types is discussed below:
Reciprocating
--- Low mass rate of flow and highpressure ratios
--- Pulsating/cyclic in action limits the rate at which the
fluid can
be delivered
--- Properties at inlet and outlet are the average values
taken over
the cycle.
Rotary
--- High mass rate of flow and low-pressure ratio
--- Continuous in action does not limit fluid delivery
--- Smaller and lighter
--- Mechanically simpler

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
Reciprocating compressors may be
--- single stage and
--- multi-stage

Single acting
Reciprocating
air compressor

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
Double acting reciprocating air compressors

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
Pressure-volume diagram with clearance neglected
Pressure-volume
diagram for a
Reciprocating
compressor with
clearance
neglected.
Read chapter 1
from your text
book and chapter
5 from Roger
Kinsky,
Thermodynamics
and Fluid
Mechanics: An

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR

Indicated work done

= area abcd
= area abef +area bcoe area adof
After simplification,
Work input =(p 2 Vb p1Va ) p V p V
2 b
1 a

n 1
n
Work input =
p 2 Vb p1Va
n 1

Again, we can wtite: p1Va mRT1 and p 2 Vb mRT2

where m is the mass induced and delivered per cycle.
n
Therefore, work input per cycle =
mR T2 T1
n 1

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
Work done on the air per unit time is equal to the work done
per cycle times. The rate of mass flow is commonly used than
the mass per cycle.
n
& 2 T1 )
Therefore, indicated power =
mR(T
n 1
&is the mass flow rate.
where m
The actual power to the compressor is larger than the indicated power,
due to the work necessary to overcome the losses due tofriction.
Saft power = indicated power + friction power
indicated power
Compressor mechaniacl efficiency =
shaft power
shaft power
Input power =
efficiency of motor and drive

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
The condition for minimum work

Line ab1 is isothermal

Process.
Line ab2 is isentropic
Process.
Both process are
reversible.

Isothermal compression is the most desirable process between a and b

giving the minimum work to be done on the gas.

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
isothermal work
Isothermal efficiency=
indicated work
Pressure-volume diagram including clearance:

(a) Ideal indicator diagram for a R. C. with clearance and

(b) Actual indicator diagram for a R. compressor.

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
Indicated work
= area abcd
=area abef area cefd

Indicated power =

n
n
&a R(T2 -T1 ) &d R(T2 -T1 )
m
m
n 1
n 1

After simplification, we have, Indicated power =

n
& 2 -T1 )
mR(T
n 1

&is the mass induced per unit time = (m

&a m
&d ).
where m

Volumetric efficiency, v =

V(Volume induced) Va Vd Vs Vc Vd

Vs
Vs
Vs

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
There fore, volumetric efficiency is defined as,

Va Vd
v
Vs
1/ n

Vc p 2
= 1 1

Vs p1

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Multi-stage compression:

LHS: Effect on the volumetric efficiency of increase the delivery pressure

RHS: Pressure volume diagram for two-stage compression.

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Multi-stage compression
Top Figure:
Effect of inter-cooling
on the compression
Work.
Bottom Figure:
Plan showing interCooling between
compressor stages.

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Multi-stage compression:

Some features of multi-stage

compression:
--- The ideal intermediate pressure,
i.e. the pressure ratio is the same
for each stage.
--- Energy balance for a two-stage
compressor with intercooler.
--- Steady flow analysis
--- Air motor

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Energy balance for a two stage compressor with intercooler:

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& mc
& p (Ti T1 )
Heat rejected in LP stage =W
L
& p (Ti T1 )
Heat rejected in intercooler = mc
& mc
& p (T2 T1 )
Heat rejected in HP stage = W
H
With complete int ercooling and the compressor designed
for minimum work:
& W
& n mR(T
&
W
L
H
2 T1 )
n 1

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Steady flow analysis:

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Applying steady flow analysis, Work input is given by,

Work input, W =

nR
(T2 T1 )
n 1

Rotary Compressors/machines:
--- High mass flow rate and low-pressure ratio compare to
reciprocating compressor.
--- Continuous in action does not limit fluid delivery.
--- Processes are adiabatic.
--- Smaller and lighter compared to reciprocating compressor for
a given flow.
--- Mechanically simpler.

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The Roots Blower:

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The Roots Blower:

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The Roots Blower:

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Air Motors:

--Air operated motors, suitable form

of power.
--Reciprocating expander.
--Air expands in the motor cylinder
atmospheric pressure.
--Similar to dual air-standard cycle.

Thank You!

Any
Questions?