Background

Review of Related
Literature

In 2014 : the global prevalence of diabetes was estimated to be

9% among adults aged 18 years and above

Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework

In 2012: an estimated 1.5 million deaths were directly caused by

diabetes
More than 80% of diabetes deaths occur in low- and middleincome countries

Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

World Health Organization

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/

Background
Review of Related
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Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
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Statistical
Analysis
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WHO projects that diabetes will be

the 7th leading cause of death in
2030.
World Health Organization
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/

Background
Review of Related
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Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

The Philippines is one of the worlds emerging diabetes

hotspots.
Ranked in the top 15 in the world for diabetes prevalence
Philippines is home to more than 4 million people
diagnosed with the disease.
International Diabetes Federation
https://www.idf.org/BRIDGES/map/philippines

Background
Review of Related
Literature

Management:
1. Lifestyle change
2. Hypoglycemic Drugs

Objectives
Significance

Unfortunately, synthetic hypoglycemics are a double-edged sword.

Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

As it lowers down the glucose level of the patients, unwanted effects go

along with it:
disturbances of the gut
diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
allergic skin rashes
disturbance in liver and kidney function.

Background
Review of Related
Literature
Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
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Limitations

More natural hypoglycemic agent?

Background
Review of Related
Literature
Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

Hypoglycemic effect of

Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. leaf extract

in Alloxan induced
hyperglycemic rats

Background
Review of Related
Literature
Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

Hypoglycemic effect of

Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. leaf extract

in Alloxan induced
hyperglycemic rats

Background
Review of Related
Literature
Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

Hypoglycemic effect of

Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. leaf extract

in Alloxan induced
hyperglycemic rats

Background
Review of Related
Literature
Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

Hypoglycemic effect of

Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. leaf extract

in Alloxan induced
hyperglycemic rats

Background
Review of Related
Literature
Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn.

Common Name: Gumamela, China Rose
Botanical Name: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.
Native to tropical and subtropical regions such as Asia
Flowers are pentamerous with corolla consisting of five
petals, usually red in color and about 3 inches long (Kumar,
2012).

Background
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Significance
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Framework
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Analysis
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Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn.

It has been reported that Hibiscus rosasinensis
leaves contain bioactive compouds such as
anthocyanins, flavonoids, alkaloids and vitamins.
(Anandhi, 2013).
Most plants with antidiabetic properties have been
found to contain secondary metabolites such as
glycosides, alkaloids and flavonoids (Anandhi, 2013).

Background
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Significance
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Framework
Setting
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Flavonoids
They are a group of plant metabolites that provide
health benefits through cell signaling pathways and
antioxidant effects.

Flavonoids

Background
Review of Related
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Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework

Author
Amar and Al-Okbi,
1988

improve glucose tolerance through:

1.

Methodology

Scope of
Limitations

inhibit the human lens aldose

reductase
may help delay or even stop the
cataract process on patients with DM.

Flavonoids can also inhibit renal

Lukacinova, A. et al.,
glucose reabsorption
2008
marked by increased glycosuria, to
cause hypoglycemic effect.

Setting

Statistical
Analysis

Findings

Cazarolli, 2008

2.
3.

stimulation of glucose uptake in

peripheral tissues,
regulation of the expression of the
rate-limiting enzymes involve in
carbohydrate metabolism pathway
acting as insulin secretagogues or
mimetics

Background
Review of Related
Literature
Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
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Limitations

Related Studies
Author

Title of Study

Variables

Extraction procedure

Result

F3 and F5
fractions have
The five fractions were obtained:
Antidiabetic properties of
Serum glucose
insulinotropic
ethyl acetate soluble fraction (F1),
Moqbel et. al, Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. leaf Glycosylated HgB
effect
ethyl acetate insoluble fraction
2011
extract fractions on non obese
Triglyceride
F5 fraction has
(F2), chloroform (F3) basic fraction
diabetic (NOD) mouse
Cholesterol
the greatest
(F4) and neutral fraction (F5)
insulinotropic
effect
methanolic
extract from
Antidiabetic activity of methanolic
Hibiscus
Sundarrajan et. extracts of Hibiscus Cannabinus Blood glucose lipid
Methanolic extraction
cannabinus leaf
al, 2011
in Streptozotocin induced
profile
manifested
diabetic rats
hypoglycemic
activities
ANTIDIABETIC AND
HYPOLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITIES
Kumar et. al, OF HIBISCUS TILLAEUS (L.)
2010
FLOWERS EXTRACT IN
STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED
DIABETIC RATS

Blood Glucose
Body weight

Methanolic extraction

Methanolic
extract of
Hibiscus Tillaeus
Flowers have
significant
hypoglycemic
effect

Background

ALT and AST

Review of Related
Literature
Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

Aminotransferases
- measure the concentration of intracellular hepatic
enzymes that have leaked into the circulation
- serve as a marker of hepatocyte injury

AST (SGOT) = 5 to 40 units per liter of

serum
ALT (SGPT) =7 to 56 units per liter of
serum

ALT and AST

Background
Review of Related
Literature
Objectives

Author

Findings

Ichimori et. al., 2012

Univariate linear regression analyses showed that changes in

HbA1c were significantly associated with serum alanine
aminotransferase (ALT), the aspartate aminotransferase
(AST)/ALT ratio, and age.

Jukiewicz et al.2008

in diabetes, there will be an increase in AST and ALT activities

as well as changes in lipid concentration in the diabetic patients
serum

Gokhan et.al.

serum ALT, AST and LDH activities were significantly increased

in the DC group when compared to the non-diabetic normal
control (NC) group (p < 0.05).

Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

Background

ALT and AST

Review of Related
Literature
The study focused on the hypoglycemic effets of G. sylvestre .
Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

This study showed a significant decrease in plasma glucose level (20.20%) in diabetic rats treated
with G. sylvestre leaves extract (18 mg/kg body weight) compared to that of untreated diabetic rats.
Significant increase in diabetic rats insulin level post treated with G. sylvestre leaves extract confirmed
the result.
Moreover, glucose level might be decreased in treated diabetic rats as a result of decreasing
gluconeogenesis that was indicated by low levels of ALT and AST in treated diabetic rats compared to
untreated diabetic rats

Background
Review of Related
Literature

The study aims to determine the hypoglycemic effect of Hibiscus rosa

sinensis leaf extract to the blood sugar of laboratory induced diabetic
rats.

Objectives

Specifically, the study aims:

Significance

1. To extract flavonoid from the Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaf.

Conceptual
Framework

2. To determine if the flavonoid of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaf has hypoglycemic effect.

Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

3. To determine the baseline blood sugar, ALT and AST levels of the lab induced
diabetic rats.
5. To determine the blood sugar, ALT and AST levels of the rats after the experiment
using the Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaf extract and a hypoglycemic drug.
6. To determine if there is significant difference between the hypoglycemic effect of
Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaf extract and the hypoglycemic drug.

Background
Review of Related
Literature
Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

Null Hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between the
gumamela plant extract to the blood glucose levels of a
rat
Alternative Hypothesis
There is a significant relationship between the
gumamela plant extract to the blood glucose levels of a
rat

Background
Review of Related
Literature

The study aims to determine the hypoglycemic effect of Hibiscus rosa

sinensis leaf extract to the blood sugar of laboratory induced diabetic
rats.

Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

Specifically, the study aims:

1. To extract flavonoid from the Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaf
2. To determine if the flavonoid of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaf has hypoglycemic effect
3. To determine the baseline blood sugar, ALT and AST levels of the lab induced
diabetic rats
5. To determine the blood sugar, ALT and AST levels of the rats after the experiment
using the Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaf extract and a hypoglycemic drug
6. To determine if there is significant difference between the hypoglycemic effect of
Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaf extract and the hypoglycemic drug

Background
Review of Related
Literature
Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

This research is significant to the following:

Society. This study aims to provide the society with a possible
solution to diabetes that is natural, widely available and has no
toxic effect.
Researchers. This study allows the researcher to understand
and experience the phases of making medicine. Allowing them to
apply their knowledge in pharmacology and use their knowledge
in developing a naturally occurring cure for diabetes.
Future Researchers. This study will be a good start for the
quest for a natural cure for diabetes that could be used to the
next phase of drug development.

Background
Review of Related
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Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
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Limitations

Independent Variable
Hibiscus rosa sinensis
Leaf Extract

Dependent Variable
Blood glucose levels

Background
Review of Related
Literature
Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

The plant material, Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. leaves will be

collected from Davao City. It will be in Davao Medical School
Foundation, Inc. Laboratory where the extraction process
and conduction of the study will take place. The duration of
the study will be 21 days.

Background

Research Design

Review of Related
Literature
Objectives

Experimental

Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

Determination of the blood sugar lowering activity of Hibiscus rosa

sinensis L. leaves extract to male albino rats.

Background
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Literature

Overall Procedure
Gathering of Hibiscus rosa
sinensis leaves
Processing and extraction

Objectives

Acclimatization
Randomization and
separation into groups

Significance

Determination of baseline serum

glucose, ALT and AST

Conceptual
Framework
Setting

Gathering of Rats

Extract administration ( 21 days)

Induction of diabetes

Methodology
Blood sugar testing (If > 250

Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

mg/dl it is considered as
hyperglycemic ( Kumar, 2010)
Blood sugar, ALT and AST testing

Background
Review of Related
Literature
Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
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Limitations

Plant Extraction Procedure

1. The chopped sample will be placed in a 500mL Erlenmeyer
flask weighing 500 g.
2. Sufficient 95% ethanol will be poured in. This will be done
to macerate the solution.
3. The mixture will be left for 48 hours.
4. The product will be filtered and discarded the remaining
plant materials.
5. The extract will be subjected to rotatory evaporization.
6. The concentrated extract will be obtained.

Background
Review of Related
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Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
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Treatment groups

Background
Review of Related
Literature

Blood extraction via Tail Vein

Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

(A study of Moqbel in 2012)

Background
Review of Related
Literature
Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

Environment and Feeding System of

the Rats

Background
Review of Related
Literature
Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

Environment and Feeding

System of the Rats

Background
Review of Related
Literature
Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

Environment and Feeding System of

the Rats
20-24 C
45-55% relative humidity
12-hour light/dark cycle
Standard rat pellets = 10-30 g/day
Water = 20-50 mL/day ad libitum

Background
Review of Related
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Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

The results will be expressed as mean SD values, and they

will be analyzed by one- way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and
Tukey HSD.
The level of significance will be considered at p<0.05.
The One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be used to
determine the significant difference in the anti-hyperglycemic
activities among the six groups.
The Tukey HSD will be used to compare the results and the
data within the groups and between the groups.

Background

Dummy Table

Review of Related
Literature
Objectives

Group Rat #

Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

1
2
3
4
5

Blood sugar
Baseline after
Baseline
after
extract/glibencla
Difference
blood
induction of
mide/water
(X-Y)
sugar
hyperglycemi administration
a (X)
(Y)

Total
Mean
Standard Deviation

Background
Review of Related
Literature
Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

This study was limited within the school laboratory of

DMSF. The subjects are albino rats which were weighed
and measured prior to the experiment. Only the leaves of
the gumamela will be used in the study. The study will
focus on the effect of gumamela extract in lowering the
subjects blood glucose levels within a 1 month
observation period.

Background
Review of Related
Literature
Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

Timeline
Event

Time needed

Gathering of gumamela leaves,

Rats and other materials

1 day

Production of Gumamela extract

4 days

Acclimatization of rats

7 days

Duration of extract Administration

21 days

induction of diabetes

3 days

Background

Budget Proposal

Review of Related
Literature
Objectives
Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
Scope of
Limitations

Material
Gumamela leaves
Rats
Cage
Pellets
Glucometer strips
ALT and AST test
Glibenclamide
Alloxan

Quantity
42

Price
(Pesos)
250
370
100
200
250
1

Subtotal

Background
Review of Related
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Significance
Conceptual
Framework
Setting
Methodology
Statistical
Analysis
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