Unit 1-Part II

MITOSIS
What is cell division?

Major Topics on Quiz

-DNA replication
-DNA vs. RNA
-transcription vs. translation
-mRNA and tRNA
-amino acids, proteins
-codons, base pairing rules
-a diagram of the process (refer to this worksheet,
past lectures, etc.)

Warm Up
Explain this joke

Cells reproduce
because the inside of a cell grows FASTER than the
outside of the cell.

The cell membrane transports food/oxygen to the inside

of the cell and as the cell gets larger it must divide to
accommodate its size.

New cells help replenish old/ dying cells

The Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is a series of repeated events,
characterizing the life of a eukaryotic cell.

What about prokaryotes? Binary fission (specific to

bacteria)

Compare

Compare

2 Types of Cell Division

1) Mitosis: asexual reproduction
Only needs itself to divide, not another organism

2) Meiosis: sexual reproduction

(We will cover Meiosis with genetics next unit)

The Cell Cycle

The Cell cycle:
the first growth (G1) phase,
the synthesis (S) phase,
the second growth (G2) phase,
mitosis, and cytokinesis.

Cell prepares to grow, eventually does grow, and

then starts to copy its DNA to divide.

Also known as interphase

Interphase is the growth 1, synthesis and growth
2 stages

Basically the cell is growing up

Starts with Chromosomes

Each chromosome is composed of a single,
tightly coiled DNA molecule.

Humans have 46 chromosomes with 23 identical

pairs.

Having extra or not enough chromosomes can

often be fatal.

After Interphase, then

Mitosis
Process

Definition

The DNA copies during

the S phase of the cell
cycle

Results in a chromosome
that consists of 2
identical chromatids,
known as sister
chromatids, attached at a
region called the
centromere.

Mitosis is the division of

the nucleus with 4
phases:

1) prophase
2) metaphase
3) anaphase
4) telophase

 Prophase:

Mitosis

Chromosomes appear held together by centromere,

spindle fibers form

Metaphase:
Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes at the
equator

Anaphase:
Spindle fibers shorten and pull chromatids apart,
cell elongates

Telophase:
Two nuclei form and a furrow forms between parent
cell and new cell

Stages of Mitosis

Answers

Last step
Technically part of Mitosis
Cytokinesis: breaking apart of the cytoplasm to
form two new cells

Label the steps of Mitosis according to pizza

Diploid vs. haploid

Any cell containing two sets of chromosomes is
said to be diploid

Mitosis only occurs in Somatic and therefore

diploid cells

 In mitosis we have

Cell Life

formed diploid cells (2

sets of chromosomes)
thus an exact copy of the
original cell and is
asexual reproduction.

Somatic cells: any cell

in the body other than
sperm/ egg cell (cells not
used for reproduction
sexually)

Weird memory help

again

Warm Up
(1) At which stage does transcription and
translation happen in mitosis?

(2) Which cells below undergo mitosis?

OR

Cell Cycle- In Depth

Why is Mitosis Necessary?

Growth: multicellular
organisms grow from a
single fertilized egg into a
mature organism

Repair: damaged and old

cells are replaced with new
cells

Asexual reproduction: some

organisms (hydra) reproduce
asexually (not common)

Regeneration/ Growth
Caused by Stem Cells
Read the controversial article

DNA Copied in Mitosis

Two
identical
copies
of DNA

Original
DNA

What is a mutation?
Can only happen at birth in sex cells (not
mitosis)- so a mutation one is born with

but can happen randomly because of a number

of reasons in mitosis (more common) like cancer

What can cause a

mutation?

What about cancer?

Error in mitosis
Tumors result as an error in Mitosis.
Cells divide continually without stopping. This
results in a tumor.

Tumors are simply a cluster of cells.

Tumors can be malignant (cancerous) or
benign {PRONOUNCED BEE-nine} (noncancerous)

Cells are supposed to die. This is called

apoptosis. If cells fail to die, tumors form.

Cancerous Control of the

Cell Cycle
What is cancer?
Many cancers result from uncontrolled cell division
These cells use the blood and nutrients that other
cells need and they can stress the environment of
the healthy cells.
The genes that encode the proteins involved in cell
cycle regulation have mutations.

Examples of tumors