A

Presentation
on

BASIC
HYDRAULICS

by
KOTHA VENKATESH

Contents

Fundamentals

Pumps

Control Valves

Accumulators

Filters

Hydraulic Symbols

Advantages of
Hydraulic System

Economical

Unaffected by load variation

Low weight to the power ratio

Provides direct rotary and linear motions.

Smooth, flexible, uniform action without

vibration

Eliminates the need for complicated

systems of like Gears, Cams, Levers

Limitations

System is sensitive to contamination.

Leakage reduces the efficiency.

Strong pipes and components are

required.

PASCAL LAW

It states that pressure

exerted anywhere in a
confined incompressible
fluid is transmitted equally
in
all
directions
throughout the fluid such
that the pressure ratio
(initial difference) remains
the same. Ex: Hydraulic
press, Hydraulic jack etc.,

Power Transmission
The relationship between
pressure, force and
area is given by
P=F/A
This fact can be used
to lift greater weights
with lesser forces as
shown in the figure.

Main Hydraulic
Components

Tank Unit
Pumps
Control Valves

Directional Control Valves

Pressure Control Valves
Flow Control Valves

Miscellaneous items
End application (Cylinders & Motors)

Tank Unit

Holds enough fluid to supply

a hydraulic system's varying
demand.
Transfer heat from the fluid
to the surrounding
environment.
Allow contaminants to settle
and entrained air to escape.
Provides access to remove
used fluid and contaminants
from the system and to add
new fluid

Hydraulic Pump

A hydraulic pump converts

mechanical energy and motion into
hydraulic energy
Hydraulic Pump never develops
pressure but it only displaces the
fluid ie gives flow.
Pressure is the result of resistance
to fluid flow.

Pump Types

Positive Displacement
Pumps
Non-Positive Displacement
Pumps

Non-Positive
Displacement Pumps

Continuous discharge.
No separation between inlet and
outlet
Output vary as the system pressure
changes.
On closing the outlet, pressure
increases to certain maximum value
and pump churns the fluid thus
generates heat.

Positive Displacement
Pumps

Intermittent Discharge.
Input and output are separated.
Output remains constant ,irrespective
of system pressure.
Delivers definite volume of fluid for
each cycle of pump operation.
Positive displacement pumps are
classified as fixed displacement
pumps or variable displacement
pumps.

Hydraulic Pumps
HYDRAULIC
HYDRAULIC
PUMPS
PUMPS

GEAR
GEAR

EXTERNAL
EXTERNAL

INTERNAL
INTERNAL

VANE
VANE

FIXED
FIXED

VARIABLE
VARIABLE

PISTON
PISTON

FIXED
FIXED

VARIABLE
VARIABLE

AXIAL
AXIAL

AXIAL
AXIAL

BENT
BENT AXIS
AXIS

BENT
BENT AXIS
AXIS
RADIAL
RADIAL

Gear Pumps

Fixed displacement
pumps.
Inexpensive
Suitable for
pressure upto
3000psi.
Suitable up to 300
cSt viscosity range.

Vane Pumps

Delivers a steady flow.

Operate at a normal
viscosity range between
14 and 160 cSt at
operating temperature.
Vane pumps may not be
suitable in critical highpressure hydraulic
systems where
contamination and fluid
quality are difficult to
control.

Piston Pumps

The most versatile and

rugged pumps.
Piston pumps can
operate at pressures
beyond 6000 psi,
Highly efficient and
produce comparatively
little noise.
Piston pumps operate
at a normal fluid
viscosity range of 10 to
160 cSt
Sensitive to
contamination.

Valves

Valve is a device which control

hydraulic energy in terms of
amplitude & direction.
Accordingly valves are divided into
following category:

Pressure Control Valve

Direction Control Valve
Flow Control Valve

Pressure Control Valves

Pressure Relief Valve

Pressure Reducing Valve
Pressure Sequence Valve
Counter balance Valve

Directional Control
Valves

Directional control valves are of

large varities.
As their name implies, they are
used to change the direction of flow
or actuator motion.
Directional control valves are hand
operated, solenoid operated, pilot
operated and so on.
They are globally standardised in
sizes.

DC Valve Manual
Actuation

General

Push Button

Lever

Paddle

DC Valve Mechanical
Actuation

Push Pin

Spring

Roller

Idler

DC Valve ElectroMagnetic Actuation

Solenoid

Motor

3/2 DC Valve

4/2 DC Valve

4/3 DC Valve

Flow Control Valves

Flow control valves are used primarily
to control the speed of Actuator like
Hydraulic cylinder or motor.
They are classified as --

Pressure compensated flow controls.

Non-Pr. Compensated flow control valves.

Depending on the end application, the

position in the circuit is decided.

Flow Control Valve

Position of flow control valve

determines the circuit as

Meter in circuit
Meterout circuit

Flow control valves can have a

reverse free flow bypass check
valve.

Flow Control Valve

Flow Synchronization

For
synchronization
operation, we will
use flow dividers.

Flow Divider

Accumulators

Accumulators usually are installed in

hydraulic systems to:

store energy

reduce pump size

cushion hydraulic hammer

Holds system under pressure (w/out

contin. pump)

Provides hydraulics when pump off/lost

Compensates for leakage/makeup volume

Types of Accumulators

Piston Accumulator

Bladder Accumulator

Diaphragm Accumulator

Accumulator Mounting
Position

In general accumulator is mounted in

vertical position with the hydraulic port
down.

Horizontal mounting can result in

uneven or accelerated bladder wear if
solid contaminants are present or
expected in significant amounts.

Advantages

Convenient power transfer

Flexibility

Few moving parts

Low losses over long distances
Little wear
Distribute force in multiple directions
Safe and reliable for many uses
Can be stored under pressure for long
periods

Variable speed control

Quick response (linear and rotary)

Disadvantages

Requires positive confinement (to

give shape)
Fire/explosive hazard if leaks or
ruptures
Filtration critical - must be free of
debris
Manpower intensive to clean up

Important Properties of
Hydraulic oil

Shapelessness

Incompressibility

Liquids have no neutral form

Conform to shape of container
Easily transferred through piping from one
location to another
Liquids are essentially incompressible
Once force is removed, liquid returns to
original volume (no permanent distortion)

Transmission of Force

Force is transmitted equally & undiminished

in every direction -> vessel filled with
pressure

Contaminants

Contaminants of hydraulic fluid are

broadly defined as any substance that
impairs the proper functioning of the
fluid.
Contaminants are classified as

Solids
Liquids
Gaseous
Bacteria

Contanminants

Presence of contaminants, at elevated

temperatures and flow can lead to
further chemical and physical
degradation of oils and lubricants.
Elevated temperatures accelerate the
breakdown of the oil. High flow can
lead to electrostatic discharge, also
accelerating the degradation of the oil.

Contaminants

Human error is the only(90 %) reason

for contamination problem in
hydraulic systems which allows dust
and contaminant ingress.
Common mistakes

failure to close filler caps,

improper storage of lubricants,
failing to filter oil prior to top up,
poor or missing breathers, etc.

Filter

Filter is a device which removes

solid contaminants from the fluid.
Filter and Strainer the two terms
commonly used.

Filter Vs Strainer

If the screening device is able to

remove contaminant:

not visible to the naked eye, the unit

is filter
and
if the particle is visible, the unit is
strainer.

Filter Types & Locations

SUCTION FILTERS

RETURN FILTERS

PRESSURE FILTERS

By-Pass FILTERS

OFF-LINE FILTRATION

Hydraulic Symbols

THANK YOU

Questions
?