THE PYROXENE GROUP

Group of minerals, closely related in:

-. Physical properties crystallography
-. Chemical composition :

( W )1-p ( X , Y )1+p Z2O6

w, x, y, z == elements having similar ionic radii,
capable replacing each other in the
structure
W
X
Y
Z

:
:
:
:

Na, Ca
Mg, Fe2+, Li, Mn
Al, Fe3+, Ti
Si, Al ( in minor amount )

This group can be clasify into two division:

-. Orthorhombic symetry
Enstantite
MgSiO 3
Hypersthene
(Mg,Fe)SiO 3
-. Monoclinic symetry
Clinoenstantite
MgSiO3
Clinohypersthene
(Mg,Fe)SiO3
Diopsite
CaMgSi 2O6
Hedenbergite

CaFe2+Si2O6

Augite
&

Intermediate between diopsite

hedenbergite with some Al

Pigeonite
Intermediate between Augite &
clinoenstantite clinihipersthene
(in basic volk. and hypabysal
rocks)
Aegirine (Acmite) NaFe3+Si2O6
Jadeite
NaAlSi2O6, rare mineral of met.
rocks
Spodumene
LiAlSi2O6, complex granite
pegmatitic
Johansenite
CaMnSi 2O6, found only as a vein
mineral.

MgSiO3 ====== protoenstantite

(orthorhombic)

9850

stabil s/d 15570C

Jika larutan tersebut menjadi reaksi

balik
===== forsterite + larutan sisa

Lart. Protoenstantite ===

clinoenstatite
(monoclinic)

rapid cooling

Diopsite+Al

Augite

Hedenbergite

HASIL ANALISIS DARI

Diopsite Hedenbergite - Augite Group
7% Fe2O3
8% Al2O3
1.5% TiO2
1.2% Chromium
4% Vanadium
Sedikit Mn

10% Fe3+ in Y
10% replacing Si dan
sedikit replacement in Y
Cr2O3 Diopsite &Augite
V2O3 Aegirine

Low-calcium Augite (subcalcic

Augite) and Pigeonite
Volcanic
rocks
Normal pyroxene (Augite) and
orthorhombic pyroxene almost free
of calcium
plutonic rocks

THE AMPHIBOLE GROUP

Terdiri dari sejumlah species ======

Orthorombic & Monoclinic
Closely related in cristallographic and other
physical properties, as well as in chemical
composition.
They form isomorphous series =====
an extensive replacement of one ion by
others of similar size can take place ===
very complex chemical composition
Contain essential ( OH ) group in their
structure ====== Si : O = 4 : 11

X RAY STUDY
STRUKTUR ATOM
Double chain of Si O tetrahedra
Si : O = 4 : 11
These double chains lie paralel to the crystallographic
axis and are bound together laterally by the metal ion
The binding force between the chains is not as strong
as the Si O bounds along the chains
Those reflected in the well-known fibrous or prismatic
nature of the Amphiboles paralel to the C-axis and
good prismatic cleavage.
There are open spaces within the lattice into which
and extra alkali atom for each two Si4O11 group will fit.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
( W X Y )7-8 ( Z4 O11 )2 (O, OH, F )2
W
X
Y
Z

:
:
:
:

Ca, Na ( K <<< )
Mg, Fe2+ ( Mn kadang2 )
Ti, Al dan Fe3+
Si dan Al

Pyroxene & Amphibole

polymorf

MgO
MgSiO3
Mg7(Si4O11)2(OH)2

40.0
36.2

SiO2

H 2O
60.0
61.5

2.3

IN THE GENERAL FORMULA

THE DEGREE OF ATOMIC SUBSTITUTION IS AS FOLLOW

Al may replace Si in the Si4O11 chains to the

extent of AlSi3O11. The amount of replacement
is a fuction of the formation condition :
High Temp.
more Aluminous than Low
temperature
Fe2+ and Mg are completely interchangeable
The total ( Ca, Na, K ) may be zero or near zero
or may vary from 2 to 3, however total Ca
never exceeds 2 and K is present only in minor.
OH and F are completely interchangeable. The
maxima is 2, but may be less, presumably by
O replacing OH or F.

BERDASARKAN KOMPOSISI KIMIA DAN

STRUKTUR KRISTALNYA ==== 5 SERI YANG
DAPAT DIKENAL

ORTHORHOMBIC

-. Anthophyllite series

(Mg,Fe)7(Si4O11)2(OH)2
Mg predominant over Fe

MONOCLINIC

-. Cummingtonite series
-. Tremolite series
-. Hornblende series

(Mg,Fe,Al)5[(Al,Si)4O11]2(OH)2

(Fe,Mg)7(Si4O11)2(OH)2
Fe predominant over Mg

Ca2(Mg,Fe)5(Si4O11)2(OH)2
Ca2Na0-

-. Alkali Amphibole series

Glaucophane
Riebeckite
Arfvedsonite

(Na > Ca), eg.,

Na2Mg2Al2(Si4O11)2(OH)2
Na2Fe32+Fe23+(Si4O11)2(OH)2

Na3Fe42+Fe3+(Si4O11)2(OH)2

Anthophillite series orthorhombic enstantitehipersthene series in the pyroxene group, The ratio
Mg : Fe ranges from 7 : 0 up to about 1 : 1. Al
sering hadir dan dapat mengganti Si pada (Si 4O11)
menjadi (AlSi3O11). Member of the anthophyllite
series have been found only in metamorphic rocks.
Cumungtonite series clinohypersthene series in
the pyroxene group. The ratio Fe : Mg from
7 : 0 up to 1 : 2. Member of the cumingtonite series
have been found mainly in metamorphic rocks.
Tremolite series diopsite-hedenbergite series. Mg
is replaceable by ferrous iron dan juga sebagian by
Al dan ferric iron. Demikian pula sebagian Si dapat
digantikan oleh Al. Ti dan F may be present. Na Ion
for each two (Si4O11) group may enter the
structure, the product of those subtitutions is
Hornblende series.

Alkali Amphibole can be considered

as derived from the hornblende
series by the partial or complete
substitution of Na for Ca. The best
known of these soda amphiboles are
glaucophane and the related
riebeckite and arfvedsonite.

OLIVINE GROUP

Silicate of bivalent metals

Crystalize in Orthorhombic System
The Species are :
-. FORSTERITE
Mg2SiO4
-. FAYALITE
Fe2SiO4
-. OLIVINE
-. TEPHROITE

(Mg,Fe)2SiO4
Mn2SiO4

-. MONTICELLITE
-. KIRSCHSTEINITE

CaMgSiO4
CaFeSiO4

-. GLAUCOCHROITE

CaMnSiO4

Mg Fe ======= Common RFM

MONTICELLITE ==== Metamorphosed
Limestone
MONTICELLITE & KIRSCHSTEINITE ==
Basic Igneous Rocks
THE OTHERS ===== From Ore
Deposits in metamorphosed Limestones
X RAY STUDIES ===========
Independent SiO4 tetrahedra
Mg & Fe Ions lie between irregular groups of 6
Oxygens and belong to 2 sets that arent structurally
identical ======

-. Does not have extended chains or rings

of SiO2 tetrahedra.
-. Have no tendency to form fibrous or
platy crystals & generally occours as
equidimensional crystals
-. Close-packed structure ======
high density (Forsterite 3.22; Enstantite
3.18; Anthophyllite 2.96; Talc 2.82 ) and

high refractive indices.

Composition of OLIVINE ==== closely
to (Mg,Fe)2SiO4

There being little replacement by other

elements

Substitution by Ca === strongly T-dependent

Plutonic Rocks => seldom more than 0.1% CaO
Volcanic Rocks => usually more than 1% CaO
Mn is present in most Olivines and correlates
positively with Fe content, ranging from about
0.1% in Forsterite up to 1% to @.6% in Fayalite
Olivines from Dunite generally contain some Ni
often about 0.3%
Replacemen of Mg and Si by Al does not occour
( Olivines is absence of Al )

MICA GROUP

Characterized by their perfect basal cleavage

The composition of indivudual species is very
complex, but the general formula can be written as:

W (X,Y)2-3Z4O10 (OH,F)2
where:
W
:
X&Y:
Z
:

is generally potassium (Na in Paragonite)

Al, Li, Mg, Fe2+, Fe3+
Si, Al == Si : Al ratio generally 3 : 1

The different species form is a typical

of isomorphous group, but the phase
relations have not yet been fully
worked out.
Two members of the grpup frequently
crystallizes together in parallel
position.
Eq. Biotite crystallizes with Muscpvite
Muscovite with Lepidolite

-.
-.
-.
-.
-.

1.
2.

3.

Species of the Mica group are:

Muscovite
KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Paragonite
NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Phlogopite
KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Biotite
K(Mg,Fe)3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Lepidolite
KLi2Al(Si4O10)(OH)2
The structural scheme is as follow:
SiO4 tetrahedra as a basic units
Each are linked by three corner to the neighboring
tetrahedra and
forming a sheet. Thus SiO4 tetrahedron has three
shared and one free Oxigen, hence the
composition and valency are (Si 4O10)+
Two of these sheets of linked tetrahedron are
placed together with the vertices of the trtrahedra
pointing inward. These vertices are cross-linked by:
Al ===== Muscovite
Mg and Fe === Plogophite and Biotite

4. Hydroxyl groups are incorporated and

linked to Al, Mg or Fe alone
5. A firmly bound double sheet is thus
produced with the basis of tetrahedra
on
each outer side
6. The structure is a succession of such
double sheets, with the potasium ions
placed between them

THE OCCURRENCES :
Biotite === as the commonest mica in Igneous
Rocks
Muscovite = present in some granite
Lepidolite = reqognized in a few granite, its
typical mode of occurrence is in
granite pegmatitic
Plogophite = more common found in
metamorphosed limestone and in
some pegmatites. Some times
found in igneous rocks rich in
megnesium
and poor in iron such as peridotite.
Paragonite = is a rare mineral of schists

Biotite vs Muscovite in granite

can be found together as a product of
high Pw-v ==== greater depth
Biotite (igneous rocks) === exceedingly
variable in chemical composition
-. Mg & Fe ore completely diadochic
-. Fe3+ may replace half or more of
the six coordinated Al
-. Fluorine may replace a part of the
hydroxyl
-. Mn, Ti, Li, Na and Ca = minor
amount
Ba, Cr, Ni, Rb and Cs = less common

-. There is a general trend from Mg-rich

biotite in ultrabasic rocks to Fe-rich in
granite and nepheline syenite
-. Al>>> in biotite from granite and
pegmatite
Al<<< in biotite from ultrabasic rocks
-. Silicon shows an inverse relationship to
Al.