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System Unit
Objectives
Identify the components in the system unit
and explain their functions.
Explain how the CPU uses the four steps
of a machine cycle to process data.
Compare and contrast various
microprocessors on the market today.
Define a bit and describe how a series of
bits are used to represent data.
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Objectives
Identify the components in the system unit
and explain their functions.
Explain how the CPU uses the four steps
of a machine cycle to process data.
Compare and contrast various
microprocessors on the market today.
Define a bit and describe how a series of
bits are used to represent data.
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Objectives (Continued)
Differentiate between the various types of
memory.
Describe the types of expansion slots and
expansion cards in the system unit.
Explain the difference between a serial and
a parallel port.
Describe how buses contribute to a
computers processing speed.
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The Motherboard
This is also called the system board. It contains
the CPU and some memory chips.
The motherboard is the main circuit board of a
computer.
The motherboard has expansion slots designed
for:
Expansion cards
Ports to enable the computer to
communicate.
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CU (Control Unit)
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Fetching an instruction
Decoding the instruction
Executing the instruction
Storing the result, when necessary
The Arithmetic-Logic-Unit
(ALU)
The ALU is the device that performs
fundamental math operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division.
The ALU also handles logical operations
that compare two pieces of data to see if
they are equal, less than, or greater than the
other.
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Pipelining
In some instances, the computer only
processes a single instruction at a time.
When the CPU has to wait until one
instruction is complete before starting the
next instruction.
With pipelining the CPU begins to execute a
second instruction before the first instruction
is completed. This results in faster
processing.
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Registers
The computers have additional storage locations in
the control unit, and these are called registers.
Registers are high-speed staging areas that hold data
and instructions temporarily during processing.
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System Clock
A microprocessors speed is determined by two
major factors:
bus speed
clock speed
The system clock controls how fast instructions are
processed and the speed of your system.
The speed is measured in megahertz (MHz).
1 megahertz = 1 million beats (cycles) per second.
The speed affects only the CPU and has no effect
on peripherals.
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Microprocessor Chips
Intel
486
586
Motorola
68030
68040
DEC
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Processing Chip
In a microcomputer, the central processing
unit is contained on a single silicon chip. This
is called the microprocessor chip.
Processing chips include:
Intel Chips used by IBM
Motorola Chips used by Macintosh
Digital Equipment Corporation Chips
used by minicomputers, mainframes, and
supercomputers.
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Microprocessor Comparison
A microprocessor often is identified by its
model name or model number.
Intel leads the manufacturers of processors.
After learning the CPU numbers could not
be trademarked and protected from use by
competitors, Intel decided to identify their
microprocessors with names, not numbers.
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Microprocessor Comparison
(Continued)
Pentium Processors is the number one leader in
microprocessor chips.
Celetron is designed for less expensive PCs
Xeon and Itanium are geared toward workstations
and servers.
Motorola microprocessor which is found in Apple
Macintosh and Power Macintosh systems.
Alpha microprocessor was developed by Digital
Equipment Corporation is used primarily in
workstations and high-end servers.
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Microprocessor Comparison
(Continued)
A new type of microprocessor called an
integrated CPU, combines functions of a
CPU, memory, and a graphics card on a
single chip.
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CPU Manufacturers
Intel
Motorola
AMD
Cyrix
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CPU Models
8086
1978
80486
1989
8088
1979
Pentium
1993
80286
1982
80386
1985
Pentium II
1997
Processor Upgrades
Processor upgrades take one of three forms:
Chip for Chip Upgrade where the existing
Data Representation
Computers can operate in only two states:
on and off.
The on state is represented by one (1).
The off state is represented by zero (0).
Computers work totally with data that has
been encoded with 0 and 1 and is therefore
called the binary system.
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=0
0
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ASCII
(Continued)
These designated purposes include
formatting such as boldface and italics.
For this reason, one program cannot read
data created in another program unless it is
translated to the other programs codes.
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Unicode
Unicode is a sixteen-bit code designed to
support international languages like
Chinese and Japanese.
It was developed by Unicode, Inc. with
support from Apple, IBM, and Microsoft.
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A Parity Bit
A parity bit is used to check for memory
or data communication errors. It verifies
the validity of data as it passes through the
electronic circuitry of the computer
components.
A parity bit enables the computer to detect
an error, but does not tell the computer how
to correct the error.
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Internal Memory
RAM
Virtual Memory
Cache Memory
ROM
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Memory
Most computers use memory as scratch pads to
hold programs and data in use in the CPU.
The four types of memory are:
RAM
Virtual
Cache
ROM
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Addresses
During the processing cycle, data or
instructions are placed in main memory
locations called addresses.
Each address location is identified by a
unique number that always remain the same.
Although the memory address numbers
always stay the same, the contents within the
addresses locations are continually changing.
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RAM
(Random-Access Memory)
RAM is the internal storage area of the
system unit called memory of primary
storage.
RAM holds the program and data that the
CPU is presently processing.
RAM is temporary or volatile storage.
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RAM (Continued)
Data and programs must be loaded into
RAM before they can be used by the
computer.
RAMs temporary storage capacity is
measured in terms of bytes.
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data
RAM Memory
RAM is divided into sections.
Conventional RAM - First 640 Kb
DOS (about 130Kb)
TSR programs
Other DOS programs must run in this area
other hardware
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RAM-Expanded Memory
Original solution which gave PCs access to
RAM beyond 1 Mb
Originally required an expansion card and
software
Access to expanded memory slow
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RAM-Extended Memory
Better solution to access RAM beyond 1
Mb
Requires an extended memory manager(s)
EMM386.EXE
Provides access to the additional RAM
HIMEM.SYS
Ensures that two programs dont try to use the same
memory space
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RAM Memory
Conventional - The first 640K of RAM
accessed by system and software.
Upper - Located between 640K and 1MG
of RAM. It is usually used by DOS to
store information about the computers
hardware.
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Virtual Memory
Virtual memory is used to run very large
programs or two or more smaller programs,
without running out of memory.
The computer can swap portions of the
program between the hard drive and RAM, as
they are needed.
Virtual memory sounds great: more memory
for free assuming that you have disk space
left.
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Cache Memory
Each time the CPU requests data from the
slower main memory, the computer places
a copy of the data in the faster memory
cache.
Cache contains data that is most recently
used by the CPU.
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Cache Memory
(Continued)
Cache reduces the time it takes to get information
from main memory.
The CPU is the main chip that processes data in a
computer. The CPU gets data from internal
cache, external cache or main memory.
If the CPU cannot find the data it needs in the
external cache, it looks in the slower main
memory or RAM.
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0-16K of storage
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speed chips)
SRAM is very high speed RAM chips.
The typical SRAM is 64 to 512K
Designated as L3.
Faster than accessing data from the hard drive
Slower than accessing data from L1 or L2 cache
Contains frequently used data and or program
code
The computer decides what goes into Disk Cache,
but the user controls the size of disk cache.
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Internal, External
and Memory Cache
Internal Cache (L1): When the CPU
needs data, it looks first in the internal
cache. This is the fastest.
External Cache (L2): External cache or
secondary cache resides on the
motherboard. External cache is slower
than internal cache but much faster than
main memory.
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ROM
(Continued)
ROM chips cannot be changed by the
users.
ROM chips contain special instructions for
detailed computer operations to start the
computer, give keyboard keys their special
control capabilities and put characters on
the screen.
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Head
Hard drive
RAM
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Module
CMOS
Used to store startup configuration options such as:
Disk drives, keyboard, monitor; the current date
and time
Other startup information needed when the
computer is turned on.
CMOS chips use batteries to maintain the date and
time when the computer is turned off.
It can be changed.
Each memory location has an address
Volatile
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Buses:
Freeways for Data
Module
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Data Bus
Data Bus Width & Word Size
number of bits in bus determines word size
16-bit CPU works with 16 bit word size
Bus Lines
Bus Lines or (simply bus) are data
roadways that connect parts of the CPU to
each other and the CPU to other important
hardware.
A bus line resembles a multi-lane highway.
Bits travel along the bus highway.
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Bus Width
Bus width is similar to the number of
lanes on a highway.
The greater the width, the more data that
can flow along the bus at a time.
Width is measured in bits.
Eight bits represent one character.
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Bus Speed
Bus speed is similar to the speed limit on a
highway.
The faster the speed, the faster data travels.
Speed is measured in megahertz (MHZ).
The speed of a computer is determined by:
the system clock
the bus width.
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Bays
A bay is an open area inside the system
unit used to install additional equipment.
Bays are not to be confused with
expansion slots, which is used for the
installation of expansion cards.
Because bays most often are used for disk
drives, these spaces commonly are called
drive bays.
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Bays (Continued)
Two types of drive bays exist:
External drive bay or exposed drive bay
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Power Supply
Computers use DC power ranging from 5 to
12 volts.
When plugged into standard wall outlets,
which supply an alternating current (AC) of
115 to 120 volts.
The Power Supply converts the wall outlet
AC power into DC power.
External peripheral devices have an AC
adapter.
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Power Supply
Converts AC (115 to 120 volts) to DC (5 to
12 volts)
Some peripheral devices have an AC
adapter
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Laptop Computers
Used for mobile users
Typically weighs four to ten pounds
Include a system unit
System unit has many other devices built into
it
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in 1968
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