CHAPTER 10:

STRUCTURE
CONSTRUCTION

ENGINEERING
Manufacturing
> Communication > Transportation and Power > Construction > Industrial Design
TECHNOLOGY
MAIN PAGE

LEARNING
OUTCOMES

STRUCTURE
CONSTRUCTION
INTRODUCTION
SITE PREPARATION
EARTHWORK

SUPERSTURCTURE
CONSTRUCTION

FOUNDATION
CONSTRUCTION

STRUCTURE COVERING

Click here to
continue

LEARNING OUTCOMES :
Students should be able to:
List the procedures to construct structure
List earthwork activities.
Describe earthwork processes.
Explain the purpose of using foundation.
List the types of foundation.
Describe the types of foundation.
Plan a flowchart on the process of construction
structure.
List superstructure construction and method
available.
List structure covering methods.
Describe structure covering methods

N
Structure construction works
are performed by the contractor
and supervised by the project
manager. In structure
construction stage, various type
of work are involved and
facilitated by various
construction machineries.

SITE PREPARATION

ACQUIRING PERMIT AND PERMISSION

Application for acquiring permission to

construct building is normally
dependent on local regulation enforced
by the local authority. Application for
acquiring permission should be
enclosed with the drawing,
specification, site plan, primary
stakeholders and land ownership letter
of the project.

SITE PREPARATION
CONSTRUCTION SITE CLEARING
a) Cutting and uprooting
tree that obstructing
construction work
Trees on the
construction site which
obstruct construction
works need to be
chopped or uprooted to
the dumping area

b) Demolishing old
structures
Structures that are
not required at the
construction site
should be demolished

Cutting and uprooting tree that obstructing construction work

Demolishing old
structures

SITE PREPARATION
DETERMINING STRUCTURE
LOCATION
Pickets
and stakes were used in
setting out process to determined
structure or building location.
Accuracy in setting out process helps
to determine the location, shape and
size of building according to the
drawing of the building plan. There
are two methods to determine
structure location;
Site line method
Center line method

SITE LINE METHOD

A

A
d

e
f

b
B

SITE LINE METHOD

Steps :
1.Construct AB line as a site line. Border line can
be used as site line too. Site line should be
drawn clearly because it is used as a reference
line when other sign are missing.
2.Measure and mark point a and point b on the
site line according to building size.
3.Point a and b should be a building line parallel
with the site line.
4.Mark point d where ad line is perpendicular to
line ab. To get a perpendicular angle,
4
pythagoras
method is used.
3

CENTRE LINE METHOD

B

CENTRE LINE METHOD

STEPS:
1. Construct line AB as a centre line. Generally, it is located
in the middle of a building. This centre line should be
drawn clearly because it is used as reference line.
2. Measure and mark point a and point b by taking into
account the distance from line AB. Line AB is perpendicular
to line ab. The method used to accquire perpendicular
angle is similar to the site line method.
3. Measure and mark point c and point d by considering the
distance from line AB. Line cd is perpendicular to line AB.
4. Measure and mark point e on line bc
5. Measure and mark point g on line ab
6. Measure and mark point f on line AB
7. For testing the accuracy of setting out work, measure the
distance of ac and bd. If ac=bd, therefore all angles in abcd
is accurate.

SITE PREPARATION

CONSTRUCTION SITE ARRANGEMENT

After the location of the construction structure
has been marked, temporary building and
facilities has to
be identified.
Construction
site should have temporary access
Access Road road to ease workers movement and transport
construction material

Site Office

Used as a place to manage the operation of all

construction works. Normally near to the main
entrance

Accomodatio
Needs to be constructed for workers
n
Utilities(electri It is essential in construction area. Eg; electricity
c, water
telephone)

is the source of energy used to operate

machines and construction equipment.

Safety

Safety of workers, construction materials and

equipment is very important. Stores should be

SITE PREPARATION

An example of structure
arrangement and temporary
facilities on construction site

EARTHWORK
ACTIVITY

Earthwork
activities
DESCRIPTION

Earth
loosing

Before any excavation activities, soils

which consist of sedimentation rock layer
should be loosen. Bulldozer is used to
execute soil. If there are huge rocks that
cant be moved, explosive substance will
be used.

Cutting

For higher or elevated area it should be

excavated to the required formation
level. Soil is also excavated in
constructing system drainage and
building site foundation

Earth filling Filling is necessary for areas lower than

the construction level required. Filled soil

EARTHWORK
ACTIVITY

Earthwork
activities
DESCRIPTION

Earth
There are types of soil which is soft and
consolidatin easy to settle such as peat soil. This type
g
of soil should be excavated and changed
with high compacted soil. Filled area
should be compacted with appropriate
roller machines for earth consolidating
Earth
dumping

Excessive soil from construction area

should be moved to other places. Scrapers
and lorries are used to moved soil.

Clearing

Clearing soil work is executed after all

filling works such as foot foundation and
site building have been completed.
Excess soils should be cleared and

Example Of Cut And Fill

Work

Cutting soil from high ground will be used to fill

low ground level

FOUNDATION
CONSTRUCTION
A building foundation is the lowest level of the
building and known as substructure. Its function
to sustain the entire building load and transfer it
to the lower layer of ground. There are various
types and shapes of foundation which are used
in building construction. Selection criteria of
foundation types are dependent on;
Type of soil
Building load
Design
Cost
technology

FOUNDATION
CONSTRUCTION
There
are four types of foundation
i. Pad foundation

ii. Strip foundation

iii. Slab/ Raft foundation

iv. Pile foundation

FOUNDATION
CONSTRUCTION
Pad foundation
Used to support small and light load.

(Eg; house or

single storey building)

Appropriate type of soil is the hard soil which

has high bearing capacity
Constructed in rectangular shape beneath each
stump which support loads
The thickness and area is dependent upon
imposed loads and its bearing capacity
The depth is normally up to one meter below
ground level.
Common proportion of concrete mix used is
1:2:4

FOUNDATION
CONSTRUCTION
Strip foundation
Used to support small and light loads
Width and thickness depend upon the imposed building load
and its bearing capacity
There are two types of Strip foundation;

i. Wide strip foundation

ii. Deep strip foundation

FOUNDATION
CONSTRUCTION
Slab/ Raft foundation
Suitable for building which is constructed on soils that have
low bearing capacity. (eg; soft soil, high shrinkage soil,
formerly filled swamp soil)
Its purpose is to prevent from uneven settlement which may
cause cracking to building
Constructed from reinforced concrete according to surface
area of building floor or until it covers the sidewalk area
The thickness is normally between 200mm to 300mm.
The bottom part imposed to walls and columns load is made
thicker

FOUNDATION
CONSTRUCTION
Pile foundation
Suitable or a big and high rise building also used in building
bridges.
Depth of pile depends on the imposed load
It can prevent deep excavation, which reduces the cost of
excavation and concrete pouring
Normally used with other foundation type.
There are two types of techniques which is;
i. Friction method
ii. End-bearing method

i. Friction method

ii. End-bearing method