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THE FORCE DUE THE FLOW

AROUND A PIPE BEND


Consider a pipe bend
with a constant cross section
lying in the horizontal plane and
turning through an angle of .

Because the fluid changes direction, a force will act in the bend.
If the bend is not fixed it will move and eventually break at the joints.
We need to know how much force a support (thrust block) must
withstand.

FORCES ON PIPE BENDS


In order to properly size thrust blocks, hangars, or other devices to hold a pipe
in place, the momentum equation is used to compute the necessary resistive
force to hold the pipe stationary.
Forces in a pipe bend in the horizontal plane are caused by the fluid's
momentum and pressure.
If the pipe undergoes a bend in the vertical plane, where the entrance to the
bend is above the exit (or vice-versa), then the weight of the liquid and pipe
material within the bend will contribute to the force.
Since computing the volume of fluid and pipe material within a bend requires
considerably more input, we kept our calculation relatively simple by keeping
it in the horizontal plane.
The forces Fx and Fy computed by the calculation are the x and y components
of the total force F.

Fx = -P1A1 - P2A2 cos(b) - d Q [V1 + V2 cos(b)]


Fy = P2 A2 sin(b) + d V2 Q sin(b)
Q=VA

A= D2 / 4

P2 = P1 + d (V12 - V22) / 2

F = (Fx2 + Fy2)1/2

THEORTICAL BASIC
Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems

Objectives
Identify the various kinds of forces and
moments acting on a control volume.
Use control volume analysis to determine
the forces associated with fluid flow.
Use control volume analysis to determine
the moments caused by fluid flow and the
torque transmitted.

Newtons Laws

Newtons laws are relations between motions of


bodies and the forces acting on them.
First law: a body at rest remains at rest, and a body in
motion remains in motion at the same velocity in a straight
path when the net force acting on it is zero.
Second law: the acceleration of a body is proportional to the
net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its
mass.
Third law: when a body exerts a force on a second body,
the second body exerts an equal and opposite force on the
first.

NEWTONS EQUATION OF MOTION


FOR RIGID BODY

F ma
Manipulation into momentum

dV
F ma m
dt

d (mV ) sys Fdt

MOMENTUM

IMPULS

Resultant of vektor

MOMENTUM BALANCE
FOR FLUID FLOW

Vin

SISTEM

Vout
Manipulation

d (mV ) sys Vin dmin Vout dmout Fdt

d (mV ) sys
dt
Component-x

Vin m in Vout m out F

d (mVx ) sys
dt

Vx in m in Vx out m out Fx

Force on the Control Volume


Steady Flow :
d (mVx ) sys
dt

0 Vxin m&in Vxout m&out Fx

Identify forces

External
pressure

Gravity

PEOCEDURE OF CALCULATION
Draw a control volume
Decide on co-ordinate axis system
Calculate the total force
Calculate the pressure force
Calculate the body force
Calculate the resultant force

Draw a control volume


Decide on co-ordinate axis system

Calculate the total force

In the x-direction:

In the y-direction:

Calculate the pressure force

Calculate the body force


There are no body forces in the x or y directions. The only
body force is that exerted by gravity (which acts into the
paper in this example - a direction we do not need to
consider).

Example : pipe nozzle

total force

Calculate the pressure force

We use the Bernoulli equation to calculate the pressure

Calculate the body force


The only body force is the weight due to gravity in the
y-direction - but we need not consider this as the only
forces we are considering are in the x-direction.
Calculate the resultant force

MENGHITUNG GAYA YANG BEKERJA PADA BAUT


PENGIKAT FLANGES
A nozzle is attached to a fire hose by a bolted flange. What is the force tending to tear apart that
flange when the valve is opened. When the valve is opened the fluid steadily flow out at a velocity
of 100 ft/s, the area of nozzle 1 in2. the pressure still 100 lbf/in2 gauge What is the force tending to
tear apart that flange now.

Flanges
Fbolt=?
Pin=100 lbf/in2

Ain=10 in2

d (mVx ) sys
dt

SYSTEM

nozzle

Aout=1 in2
Vout=100 ft/s

Pout=Patmosfir

Vx in m in Vx out m out Fx

MENGHITUNG GAYA YANG BEKERJA PADA BAUT


PENGIKAT FLANGES
Flanges
Fbolt=?

water 62.3

SYSTEM
nozzle

Aout=1 in2

Pin=100 psig

Ain=10 in2
A
1
ft
Vin out Vxout Vxin 10
Ain
10
s

0 Vx in m in Vx out m out Fx
Fx m&(Vxin Vxout ) ( Pin Patmosfir ) Ain

lbm
ft 3

Vout=100 ft/s

Pout=Patm=0psig
m in m out AoutVx out
m& 1in 2

ft 2
ft
lbm
lbm
100
62.5

43.3
144in 2
s
ft 3
s

Fx ( Pin Patmosfir ) Ain Fx unknown

lb f s 2
lb
lbm
ft
ft
Fx unknown 43.3
(10 100 )
(100 m2 10in 2 0) 121lb f 1000lb f 879lb f
s
s
s 32.2lbm ft
in
Fx unknown 879lb f (arah kiri)
Fx unknown gaya tarikan bolt=Fbolt

APLIKASI NERACA MOMENTUM PADA STEDI FLOW

Soal 7--13
Flanges
Fbolt=?

SYSTEM
nozzle

Aout=3 in2

Pin=40 lbf/in2

lbm
ft 3

Q=1200in3/s

Pout=0psig=Patmosfir

Ain=12 in2
0 Vx in m in Vx out m out Fx

water 62.3

F ( Pin Patmosfir ) Ain Fx unk

m in m out Q
Fx unk Q 2 (

Fx unk

1
1

) ( Pin ) Ain
Ain Aout

Fx unk

Aout Ain
Q (
) ( Pin ) Ain
Ain Aout
2

in 2in 4 ft 4
lbm 9
lbf .s
lbf
1200
62.4

40
12in 2 33.6 480 446.4
2
4
4
3
2
2
s 12 in
ft 36in 32.2lbm. ft
in
2

Soal 7.12

P1=30psig
V=200ft/s
A2=A1
A1=1 in2

P2=0psig

F=?
0 m (Vx _ in Vx _ out F x )
0 m&(V V ) ( P1 0) A Fx unkown

Fx unknown P1 A

Fx unknown arah kiri =Fbolt

How is the force Transmitted


Via friction on pipe wall

Impact of a Jet on a Plane

We will first consider a jet hitting a flat plate (a plane) at an angl


of 90, as shown in the figure below.
We want to find the reaction force of the plate i.e. the force the
plate will have to apply to stay in the same position.

Calculate the total force

Calculate the pressure force.


The pressure force is zero as the pressure at both the inlet and the
outlets to the control volume are atmospheric.
5 Calculate the body force
As the control volume is small we can ignore the body force due to
the weight of gravity.

Force due to a jet hitting an inclined


plane
We do not know the
velocities of flow in each
direction. To find these we
can apply Bernoulli
equation

The height differences are negligible i.e. z1 = z2 = z3 and the pressures are all
atmospheric = 0. So

u1 = u2 = u3 = u
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
u1A1 = u2A2 + u3A3
so
A1 = A2 + A3
Q1 = A1u
Q2 = A2u
Q3 = (A1 - A2)u

Calculate the total force in the x-direction.


Remember that the co-ordinate system is normal to the plate.

2. Calculate the pressure force


All zero as the pressure is everywhere atmospheric.
Calculate the body force
As the control volume is small, hence the weight of
fluid is small, we can ignore the body forces.

Soal 7.8 hal

sistim
1

Momentum
Masuk +, Keluar Kecepatan & Gaya
Kekanan, keatas +
Kekiri, kebawah -

V=100ft/s

P1=50psig

Patm=0psig

Arah X (horizontal)

0 m (Vxin Vxout ) Fx

0 m&(V 0) Fxunk ( P1 Patm ) A

Fy=??

2
P2=40psig

& P1 A)
Fx unk (mV

Fx

Arah Y (vertikal)
0 m (V yin V yout ) Fy

Fx=??

A=0.5 ft2

& P2 A)
Fy unk (mV

0 m&(0 (V ) Fy unk ( P2 Patm ) A

Fy

FR
Fx unk & Fy unk adalah gaya dorong

BESAR DAN ARAH GAYA-GAYA PADA ELBOW

0 Vin m in Vout m out F


V2

Fy m&(V2 sin 2 V1 sin 1 )

Fy

F Fx2 Fy2
F

V1

tan

Fx

Fx m&(V2 cos 2 V1 cos 1 )

Fy
Fx

Free Jet Flows


control
volume
U

U
Fy

Fx

Deflector plate

Fx = m(Uxout Uxin) = m(U2cos2 U1cos1)


Fy = m(Uyout Uyin) = m(U2sin2 U1sin1)

Free Jet Flows


Thrust reverser
y

2
Fy

x
V

Fx = mV(cos2 1) = AV2(cos2 1)
Fy = mV(sin2) = AV2 (sin2)

Fx

The figure below shows a smooth curved vane attached to a


rigid foundation. The jet of water, rectangular in section, 75mm
wide and 25mm thick, strike the vane with a velocity of 25m/s.
Calculate the vertical and horizontal components of the force
exerted on the vane and indicate in which direction these
components act.
[Horizontal 233.4 N acting from right to left. Vertical 1324.6 N
acting downwards]

FRICTION LOSS IN SUDDEN EXPANSION


1a

1
Pers. Bernouli
P2 P1 V22 V12

F frik

Pers. MOMENTUM

F m (V

A
A
1 A
1
V12 1 (1 1 ) 1 V12 V12 F frik
A2
A2
2 A2
2
2

P2 A2 P1 A2 m (V1 V2 ) m (V1

A A
1 A
1
V ( 1 1 ) V12 ( 1 ) F frik
A2 A2
2 A2
2
2
1

V12
2

V2 )

P2 A2 P1 A2 m V1 (1

A
A
( 1 2 1 1) F frik
A2
A2

F frik

V12
A
1 1

2
A2

A1
)
A2

P2 P1
A
A
V12 1 (1 1 )

A2
A2
2

A1
V1 )
A2

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