Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
Dr. Debadyuti Das
Aggregate Planning: An
overview
Planning
inputs
Planning Decision
horizon
variables
Planning
outputs
Long-term
plan
Corporate
5-10 years
Plans
To
achieve
specific
organizational objectives
To enhance
long-term
viability and
development
strategies &
policies,
Demand
forecasts,
Economic,
technological &
political scenario,
Available
capital etc.
Long-term
capacity
resource
allocation for:
products,
Processes and
markets
for
capacity
expansion (or
contraction)
Plans for
- new products,
-new technologies,
-new markets,
-new plants and
their location.
Planning
Planning
objectives inputs
Planning Decision
horizon variables
Planning
outputs
Medium
term plan
(or
Aggregate
plan)
To
1-18
months
Aggregate
production plans
specifying how
demand will be
met from existing
productive
resources
make the
most effective
use of
available
capacity
through
existing
resources
Long-term
plans
Limits on
present
capacity
Period by
period annual
demand
forecast
Feasible
production
alternatives and
costs
Levels of use
for available
production
alternatives:
Work-force
size,
Production
rate,
Inventory,
Subcontracting
Planning
inputs
Planning Decision
horizon variables
Planning
outputs
Shortterm plan
Aggregate
1-30 days
Production
To
ensure
customer
satisfaction
through
prompt
delivery times
To achieve
maximum
effectiveness
from the use
of production
factors
production plan
Orders
received
Desired
delivery times
Size
of work-
force
Production
rate
Sequencing of
orders
schedule
Assigning orders
to specific
Departments,
Shifts, Personnel,
Equipments etc.
Planning Sequence
Corporate
strategies
and policies
Economic,
competitive,
and political
conditions
Aggregate
demand
forecasts
Business Plan
Establishes operations
and capacity strategies
Aggregate plan
Establishes
operations capacity
Master schedule
Establishes schedules
for specific products
Aggregate planning
Aggregate planning:
Operational parameters of
AP
Specify operational parameters over the time
horizon:
production rate
workforce
Overtime/under time
machine capacity level
subcontracting
backlog
inventory on hand
Aggregate Planning
Strategies
Proactive
Reactive
Alter capacity to match demand
(Chase strategy: using capacity as the lever
Level strategy: using inventory as the lever
Time flexibility Strategy: using utilization as the lever)
Mixed
Some of each
Demand Options
Pricing
Promotion
Back orders
New demand
Capacity Options
Chase Strategy
Level Strategy
Fundamental Tradeoffs in
Aggregate Planning
Inventory
2
200
3
200
4
300
5
400
6
500
Total
200
1800
Costs
Regular time: $2/unit
Overtime:
$3/unit
Subcontract:
$6/unit
Inventory:
$1/unit
Backorder:
$5/unit
They now want to evaluate a plan that calls for a steady rate of regular-time
output, mainly using inventory to absorb the uneven demand but allowing
some backlog. Overtime and subcontracting are not used because they want
steady output. They intend to start with zero inventory on hand in the first
period. Prepare an aggregate plan and determine its cost using the
preceding information. Assume a level output rate of 300 units per period
with regular time. Note that the planned inventory is zero. There are 15
workers, each can produce 20 units per period.
1.
2.
Example 3: LP
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
Demand Forecast
1,600
3,000
3,200
3,800
2,200
2,200
Example 3: Aggregate
Planning
Item
Materials
Inventory holding cost
Marginal cost of a stockout
Hiring and training costs
Layoff cost
Labor hours required
Regular time cost
Over time cost
Cost of subcontracting
Cost
$10/unit
$2/unit/month
$5/unit/month
$300/worker
$500/worker
4/unit
$4/hour
$6/hour
$30/unit
Aggregate Planning
(Define Decision Variables)
Aggregate Planning
(Define Objective Function)
6
t 1
t 1
t 1
t 1
t 1
500 Lt 6 Ot 2 I t
6
t 1
t 1
t 1
5 S t 10 Pt 30 C t
W t W t 1 H t Lt, or
W t W t 1 H t Lt 0
for t 1,...,6, where W 0 80.
Aggregate Planning
(Constraints)
40
4
,
P t W t Ot
40W t Ot 4 Pt 0,
for t 1,...,6.
Aggregate Planning
(Constraints)
I t 1 Pt C t Dt S t 1 I t S t ,
I t 1 Pt C t Dt S t 1 I t S t 0,
for t 1,...,6,where I 0 1,000,
S 0 0,and I 6 500.
Aggregate Planning
(Constraints)
Ot 10W t,
10W t Ot 0,
for t 1,...,6.