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PIPE MATERIALS

MATERIAL SELECTION
2

CORROSION RESISTANCE
COST
READY MARKET AVAILABILITY
STRENGTH REQUIREMENT
FABRICABILITY
QUALITY OF FUTURE MAINTANANCE

STEEL
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Carbon Steel
Iron Carbon compound having carbon percentage less than 2% by weight

Low Carbon content .05 to .15 %

Mild Steel .16 to .29 %
Medium Carbon Content .3 to .59 %
High Carbon content .6 to .99%
Ultra high carbon content 1 to 2%
Drawback
Rusting(Fe(OH)3,
Graphitisation (Iron Carbide formation)
Stainless Steel

A steel Alloy with a minimum of 10.5 or 11% chromium content by mass

COMMONLY USED STEEL TYPES

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Carbon Steel
Cheap , upper temperature limited by graphitization, lower temperature by brittleness

C-Mo / Low Cr- Mo steel

3 Cr 1 Mo Group , 9 Cr 1 Mo Group,

Low Temperature Steel

Acceptable for low temperature . Impact tested carbon steel

Ferritic Stainless Steel

Straight chromium group, 16-30 % Cr, Rarely used as piping material. But used in valve internals

Austenitic Stainless Steel

18-8 Cr- Ni group

Duplex Stainless Steel

Used in offshore plant where Austenitic stainless steel is not allowed to use above 60 degC
Cr 21-23
Ni- 4.5-6.5

Special High Temp Alloys

Used for very high temperature piping

EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT TYPE

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Carbon Steel
ASTM A 106, A 53, API 5L

C-Mo / Low Cr- Mo steel

ASTM A 335

Low Temp steel

ASTM A 333

Ferritic Stainless Steel

AISI 430, AISI 405

Austenitic Stainless Steel

ASTM A 312

Duplex Stainless Steel

ASTM A 790

Special High Temp Alloys

Incoloy

COMMONLY USED PIPING MATERIAL

NON CORROSIVE APPLICATION
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INCOLOY / SS 304H / SS 316H ETC

TEMPERATURE IN C

538 C
LOW C Mo / Cr- MoSTEEL ( Eg: A335)

427 C
CARBON STEEL ( Eg: A106)

-29C
LOW TEMP CARBON STEEL ( Eg: A333)

-46 C
STAINLESS STEEL ( Eg: A312) SS 304L/316L ETC

CARBON STEEL PIPING COMPONENTS

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PIPES

FITTINGS <2
(FORGINGS)

FITTINGS >2
(WELDED)

FLANGES
(FORGINGS)

VALVES <
2
(FORGING)

VALVES > 2
(CASTING)

AST M A105

ASTM A234 Gr. WPB

ASTM A105

ASTM A105

ASTM A216 Gr.WCB

A53
Type E, F S
Gr. A,B
A106
Type Seamless
Gr: A,B,C
(Si content)
(More stable at
high temperature)
API 5L
Type
Seamless,Welded
Gr: A, B, A25,
X42, X46 etc
Mainly Used in
pipe lines where
temperature is
limited to 260 degc

PROPERTIES OF METAL
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TOUGHNESS
This is a measure of brittleness. Sudden fracture, exhibiting little ductility in the vicinity of the
break, occurs in certain metals when load is rapidly applied. The capability of a material to
resist such a brittle fracture is a measure of its toughness

HARDNESS
This is a measure of the materials ability to resist deformation. It is the inverse of ductility

MACHINABILITY
CREEP
Creep is defined as the time-dependent deformation of a material that occurs under load at elevated
temperatures.

LOW TEMP CARBON STEEL PIPING COMPONENTS

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PIPES
A333 Gr 1,3,6 etc

FITTINGS <2
(FORGINGS)

FITTINGS >2
(WELDED)

FLANGES
(FORGINGS)

VALVES <
2
(FORGING)

VALVES > 2
(CASTING)

A 350 Gr LF2,LF3
etc

A420 WPL1 ,WPL3,

WPL6 etc

A 350 Gr
LF2,LF3 etc

A 350 Gr LF2,
LF3 etc

A352 Gr LCB,LC2,
LC3etc

LOW CARBON STEEL PIPING COMPONENTS

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PIPES

FITTINGS <2
(FORGINGS)

FITTINGS >2
(WELDED)

FLANGES
(FORGINGS)

VALVES <
2
(FORGING)

VALVES > 2
(CASTING)

A335 GrP1,P2,
P11,P22 etc

A 182 Gr F1,
F2,F11,F22 etc

A 234 Gr WP1, WP2,

WP11,WP22 etc

A 182 Gr F1,
F2,F11,F22 etc

A 182 Gr F1,
F2,F11,F22 etc

A 217 Gr WC1, WC6.

C5,C12, CA15 etc

STAINLESS STEEL
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PITTING CORROSION

STAINLESS STEEL
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INTERGRANULAR CORROSION

(SENSITIZATION)

Chromium carbide formation deletes the surrounding grain matrix of chromium atom(454-816C)

Draw back of Ferritic Stainless Steel

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474 deg C Embrittlement

Loss of toughness at room temp after exposed to high temp

(320C to 538 C) for long time

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SS PIPING COMPONENTS
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PIPES

FITTINGS <2
(FORGINGS)

FITTINGS >2
(WELDED)

FLANGES
(FORGINGS
)

VALVES <
2
(FORGING)

VALVES > 2
(CASTING)

A312 TP304

A 182 F304

A403 WP304

A 182 F304

A 182 F304

A351 Gr CF8

A312 TP316

A 182 F316

A403 WP316

A 182 F316

A 182 F316

A351 Gr CF8M

A312 TP317

A 182 F317

A403 WP317

A 182 F317

A 182 F317

A351 Gr CG8M

A312 TP304L

A 182 F304L

A403 WP304L

A 182 F304L

A 182 F304L

A351 Gr CF3

A312 TP316L

A 182 F316L

A403 WP316L

A 182 F316L

A 182 F316L

A351 Gr CF3M

A312 TP317L

A 182 F317L

A403 WP317L

A 182 F317L

A 182 F317L

A351 Gr CG3M

A312 TP321

A 182 F321

A403 WP321

A 182 F321

A 182 F321

A312 TP347

A 182 F347

A403 WP347

A 182 F347

A 182 F347

A351CF8C