BASIC CALCULUS

Limits and Continuity, Derivatives,

Integration

CIELITO V. MALIGALIG
RCE
Faculty, CETD

Match the function from column A to the function

in column B that has a milk to cow relationship
Column A

Column B

1.

a. cosx + 5

2.

b.

3.

c.

4.

d.

5.

e.
f.
4

Analysis
1. How did you find the activity?
2. Which function/s gave you a doubt that it may not
be a milk to cow relationship?
3. How can you make this activity more fun for the
students?
4. What kind of game/s that you can suggest to
make it more enjoyable for the students and at
the same time setting them into the reality of
antidifferentiation?
5

Antiderivatives, Substitution, Differential

Equation
Learning Objectives
1. To illustrate an antiderivative of a function
2. To compute the general antiderivative of
polynomial, radical, exponential, and
trigonometric functions
3. To evaluate integrals using algebraic and
trigonometric substitution.
6

The Antiderivative

The reverse operation of finding a derivative is called the

antiderivative. A function F is an antiderivative of a function f if
F (x) = f (x).
1) Find the antiderivative of f(x) = 5

Theorem 1:

Find several functions that have the derivative of 5

If a function
has more than
one
antiderivative,
then the
antiderivatives
differ by at
most a
constant.

Answer: 5x; 5x+ 1; 5x -3;

2) Find the antiderivative of f(x) = x2

Find several functions that have the derivative of x2
Answer:

1 3
1 3
1 3
x ; or x ; or x e
3
3
3

 The graphs of antiderivatives are vertical

translations of each other.
For example: f(x) = 2x
Find several functions that are the antiderivatives
for f(x)
Answer: x2,
x2 + 1,
x2 + 3,
x2 - 2,
x2 + c (c is any real number)

Indefinite Integrals
Let f (x) be a function. The family of all functions that are
antiderivatives of f (x) is called the indefinite integral and has
the symbol f ( x) dx

The symbol is called an integral sign, and the function f (x)

is called the integrand. The symbol dx indicates that antidifferentiation is performed with respect to the variable x.
By the previous theorem, if F(x) is any antiderivative of f, then

f ( x) dx F ( x) C

The arbitrary constant C is called the constant of integration.

Indefinite Integral
Formulas and Properties
n 1
x
1. x n dx
C , n 1 (power rule)
n 1

2.

x
x
e
dx

e
C

1
3. dx ln | x | C
x
4.
5.

k f ( x) dx k f ( x) dx
f ( x) g ( x) dx f ( x) dx g ( x) dx

It is important to note that property 4 states that a constant

factor can be moved across an integral sign. A variable
factor cannot be moved across an integral sign.

Example 1:
A)

2dx 2 x C

16e dt 16e

B)
t

3 x dx

C)
4

x5
3 5
C x C
3
5
5

Example 1 (continue)
5
2
(
2
x

3
x
1)dx
D)

2 x 5 dx 3 x 2 dx 1dx

x
x
3
1x C
2
6
3
6

1 6
3
x x xC
3

Example 1 (continue)
5

x
E)
x 4e dx
5
x
dx 4e dx
x

1
x
5 dx 4 e dx
x

5 ln x 4e C
x

Example 2

3
A) 2 x 4 dx
x

2
3

2
3

2
3

2 x dx 3x dx 2 x dx 3 x 4 dx

5
3

5
3
x
6 3
x
3

C x x C
2
3
3
5
5

3
5

6 3 1
x 3 C
5
x

Example 2 (continue)
B)

3
5

3
5
4
w
dw 4 w dw

8
5

8
w
5
C x5 C
4
8
2

Example 2 (continue)
x 4 8x3
dx
C)
2
x

8 x dx

x dx 8 xdx
2

x
x
C
8
3
2
3
x
2
4x C
3
3

Example 2 (continue)

1
3

1
2

6
D) 8 x
dx 8 x dx 6 x dx
x

4
3

1
2

x
x
6
C
8
4
1

2
3
4
3

6 x 12 x C

Example 2 (continue)
2
(
x
2)( x 3)dx
E)

3 x 2 x 6 dx
2

x dx 3 x dx 2 xdx 6dx
3

x
x
x
2
6 x C

3
4
3
2
4

x3 x 2 6 x C
4

Example 3
Find the equation of the curve that passes through
(2,6) if its
slope is given by dy/dx = 3x2 at any point x.
3
The curve2 that has
of 3x2 is
xthe
derivative
3

3
3
x
dx

C x C

y x C
6 2 C
6 8C
C 2

3
Since we know that the curve passes through (2, 6), we can find
out C
3

Therefore, the equation is y = x3 - 2

Example 4
Find the revenue function R(x) when the marginal revenue is
R(x) = 400 - .4x and no revenue results at a 0 production
level. What is the revenue at a production of 1000 units?
The marginal revenue is the derivative of the function so to find the
revenue function, we need to find the antiderivative of that function

(400 .4 x)dx

x2
C 400 x .2 x 2
400dx .4 xdx 400 x .4
2

R (1000) 400(1000) .2(1000) 200,000

2

So R(x) = 400x -.2x2, we now need to find R(1000)

Therefore, the revenue at a production level of 1000 units is $200,000

Example 5
The current monthly circulation of the magazine is 640,000
copies. Due
to the competition from a new magazine, the monthly
circulation is
expected to decrease at a rate of C(t)= -6000t1/3 copies per
month, t is
the # of months. How long will it take the circulation of the
magazine to
4

4
3
460
,
000

4500
t
640,000
4

to 460,000t 3copies per month?

6000t dt 6000 C 4500t 3 C
4
3
4

180
,
000

4500
t
43 this equation:
We must solve
C(t)
=
460,000
with
C(0)
=
C (0) 4500 0 C 3
4
640,000

40 t 3
3
43
To find the function
C(t), take the antiderivative 3
4

640,000 4500 0 C
3 4
4
40 t

640,000 C
4
15.9 t
3
So,
it
takes about 16 months
C (t ) 4500t 640,000

1
decrease3

The Substitution Rule and Tables of

Integrals
Algebraic
Substitution

is to transform integrals involving radicals to some

expressions free of radical sign
Example:
let u = by squaring both sides
then 2udu = -2xdx
=
= =
by substituting the original variable and simplifying the final
answer
=
22

Example 2

Let x =

then and 2xdx = dy

By substituting the following assumption

using by parts technique of integration
Let u = x
du = dx

v = -cosx

By substituting the results to by parts formula

-2xcosx +
By substituting the original variable ans.
23

Trigonometric substitution
The
following transformations are used for certain
sum or difference of two squares:
(1)When the integrand involves let x = asin; then
(2)When the integrand involves
= asec
(3) When the integrand involves

24

Example 1
let x = 3sin then dx = 3cosd
And the radical
By substituting to the equation
by using half-angle formula
=9
=+c
By substituting the original variable
+c=+c
25

Separable equation
In this section we examine a subclass of linear and
nonlinear first order equations. Consider the first
order equation
We can rewrite this in the form
For example, let M(x,y) = - f (x,y) and N (x,y) = 1.
There may be other ways as well. In differential
form,
If M is a function of x only and N is a function of y
only, then
In this case, the equation is called separable.
26

 Solve the following first order nonlinear equation:

Separating variables, and using calculus, we obtain

27

Example 2
Solve the following first order nonlinear equation:

Separating variables and using calculus, we obtain

28

Growth and Decay

Law of Exponential Growth and Decay

y Ce
C = initial value
k = constant of proportionality
if k > 0, exponential growth occurs
if k < 0, exponential decay occurs

kt

Solving a Differential Equation

2x
y'
y

Multiply both sides by y.

yy' 2x

Integrate both sides with respect to x.

yy'dx 2xdx
ydy 2xdx

y2
x2 C
2

y 2 2x 2 C

dy = ydx because dy/dx = y

Multiply both sides by 2.

C = 2C

Exponential Growth and Decay Model

If y is a differential function of t such that y >0
and y = ky, for some constant k, then

Y = Cekt
C is the initial value of y, and k is the
proportionality constant. Exponential growth
occurs when k > 0, and exponential decay
occurs when k < 0.

Proof:

y = ky
y'
k
y
y'
y dt kdt
1
y dy kdt

dy
y'
dt
dy y' dt

ln y kt C
kt C1
kt
y e e
y Ce
So, all solutions of y = ky are in the form of y = Cekt

Ex.

The rate of change of y is proportional to y.

When t = 0, y = 2. When t = 2, y = 4. What
is the value of y when t = 3?

Because y = ky we know that y = Cekt.

We can find the values of C and k by applying the
initial conditions.
2 = Ce0

C=2

4 = 2e2k

1
k ln 2 .3466
2

y 2e 0.3466t

So, the model is

When t = 3, the value of y is 2e0.3466(3) = 5.657

Newtons Law of Cooling

Let y represent the temperature (in oF) of an object
in a room whose temperature is kept at a constant 60o.
If the object cools from 100o to 90o in 10 minutes, how
much longer will it take for its temperature to decrease
to 80o?

From Newtons Law of Cooling, the rate of change in

y is proportional to the difference between y and 60.

y' k y 60
dy
k y 60
dt
dy
kdt
y 60

Separate variables first.

dy
kdt
y 60

ln y 60 kt C1

ln y 60 kt C1

The model is:

y 60 e kt C1

y 60 Ce

Ce

kt

y 60 40e

.02877t

C1

Using y = 100 when t = 0, solve for C.

100 60 Ce
40 = C

k(0)

60 C

Since y = 90 when t = 10

90 60 40e
30 40e k(10)
k = -0.02877

Take e to both sides.

k(10) Finally, when y = 80, you obtain

80 60 40e

.02877t

t 24.09min

So, it will require 14.09 more minutes

for the object to cool to 80o.

Ex. 2
Money is deposited in an account for which
interest is compounded continuously. If the balance
doubles in 6 years, what is the annual percentage rate?

A = Pert
2P = Pert
2 = e6r
ln 2 = 6r

r .1155 11.55%

Ex. 1 A sample contains 1 gram of radium. How

much radium will remain after 1000 years? (Use
a half-life of 1620 years.)

First we need to find k,

the constant of proportionality.

1
k 1, 620
1e
2
Take the ln of both sides.
1
1620k
k .0004279
ln ln e
.0004279(1000)
2
y 1e

1
ln 1620k
2

y .652 g

Ex. Suppose that 10 grams of the plutonium isotope

Pu-239 was released in the Chernobyl nuclear
accident. How long will it take for the 10 grams
to decay to 1 gram? Pu-239 has a half life of 24,100 years

y = Cekt

We know that C = 10 grams at

time t = 0. First, find k.

1
1
k
ln
24,100 2

5 = 10ek(24,100)

1
e 24,100k
2
So, the model is
y = 10e-.000028761t

k .000028761
To find the time it would take for
10 grams to decay to 1 gram, solve
for t in 1 = 10e-.000028761

t = 80,059 years

Application
Perform the following integration.

39

Closure

40

41