Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Changing Perspectives of
Disability
There is a shift in understanding of disability
from a condition of abnormality to a case
of human diversity with equal rights and
privileges
Disability
A Case of Poverty Alleviation
Persons with disabilities are poorest of the poor
They constitute a population most at risk
Disability is seen as a burden on society
Poverty cannot be alleviated without addressing
the needs of persons with disabilities
Persons with disabilities are human capital
Disability is a business case
There is a loss of GDP if people with disabilities
do not have access to decent work and
employment
Social protection plan for persons with profound
disabilities
Disability
A Case of Human Rights
Persons with disabilities have right to social,
political and economical inclusion
This inclusion requires barrier free access to state
resources and services to ensure meaningful
participation
Persons with disabilities are claimants to a
dignified life as citizen of the state
The public institutions are duty bearers as
safeguard against all forms of discrimination
The creation of enabling environment should be
the target instead of rehabilitation
There is a need to welcome and accommodate
human diversity instead of labeling it as a
handicap and a case clinical treatment.
International Commitments
Following international commitments have direct
implications for a change in policy and practices
UN Declaration of Human Rights [1948],
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child [1989],
World Declaration on Education for All [1990],
UN Standard Rules on Equalization of Opportunities for
Persons with Disabilities [1993],
Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action [1994],
Dakar Framework for Action [2000],
UN Millennium Development Goals [2001]
National Policy for Persons with Disabilities [2002]
UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
2007
Areas of Action
and the Duty Bearers
Access to following services is extremely
limited:
Early identification and intervention (MOH)
Appropriate education and training (MOE, MOSE)
Health care and allied services (MOH)
Recreation and entertainment (MOCS)
Social and political inclusion and participation
(MOLAPA)
Decent work and employment (MOL)
Financial support and social protection (MOF,
MOSW)
Legal protection and access to justice (MOLAPA)
Old age benefits
Inclusive Education
The only way forward
The dream of 100% enrollment as perceived in
the UN Millennium Development Goals can not
come true without addressing the educational
need of children with disabilities
Special schools, in spite of all their benefits, have
failed to nurture a natural growth of these
children because of social segregation.
The cost of special education is Rs.30,000 per
child per year as compared to Rs.2500 for a child
studying in an ordinary school.
The most economical solution would be to make
the primary school functioning at the doorstep
open to all children through inclusive education.
Historical Developments on IE
During the seven years (from 2000 to 2007) a
series of seminars, workshops, conferences
resulted in a perceptual change in the history of
education in Pakistan.
As a result, the National Educational Policy 2009,
for the first time, mentioned IE as a solution to
educational inequalities particularly in terms of its
access to marginalize communities.
The Education Policy 2009 reads:
To achieve the commitments of Government of
Pakistan towards Education for All (EFA) and the
MDGs, inclusive and child-friendly education shall
be promoted (p.19).
Attitudinal barriers
In the presence of these attitudinal
barriers Pakistan has failed to exploit
the resources available in the
country and in the form of foreign
aid for achieving MDGs particularly
the goal Education for ALL through
inclusive approaches.
Definitional Debate
There seems a consensus that ordinary school should
be open to all children including special needs except
those with severe to profound disabilities.
The nation is still far away form the philosophy of
inclusive education, which stands for the elimination of
such discrimination.
By excluding the severe and profound disabilities from
the definition of inclusion the decision makers in fact
deny the right of education of this segment.
Definitional Debate
It is a violation of the UNCRPD which clearly stops
the exclusion of children with even severe
disabilities from mainstream education. The
article 24.2 (a) of UNCRPD reads as:
Persons with disabilities are not excluded from
the general education system on the basis of
disability, and that children with disabilities are
not excluded from free and compulsory primary
education, or from secondary education, on the
basis of disability.
Thank You