TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

Chapter 5
Temperature
and Heat
OBJECTIVES
❚ 1. Define the following terms: steam
point (boiling point), ice point (freezing
point)
❚ 2. Define the term temperature.
❚ 3. List the three temperature scales used
domestically
❚ 4. Be able to write the equation for each
of the temperature scales and be able to
apply them to make temperature
conversions between the three scales.
❚ 5. Define or describe the term heat and
give the units in which it is measured in
both mks and fps systems.
❚ 6. Define the terms joule and calorie.
❚ 7. Define the terms specific heat and
differentiate between the terms specific
heat and heat capacity.
❚ 8. Define: latent heat of fusion and latent
heat of vaporization.
❚ 9. Define thermodynamics and state the
three laws of thermodynamics.
❚ 10. List and describe the three states of
matter.
❚ 11. List three assumptions of the kinetic
theory.
❚ 12. List and describe the three ways in
which heat can be transferred from one
place to another.
TEMPERATURE

❚ The relative measure of hotness or

coldness
❚ Molecular level depends on kinetic
energy of molecules
❚ Temperature is the measure of the
average kinetic energy of the
molecules of a substance
❚ Not a measure of HEAT
Thermometer

❚ 1.An instrument that measures

temperature changes
❚ 2.measures thermal expansion of materials
which expand with increase in temperature
❚ 3.Bimetallic strips -one side expands more
❚ can be calibrated to measure temp.
This thermostat has a coiled bimetallic strip
that expands and contracts with changes in
the room temperature.
❚ A mercury in glass thermometer
registers a change in temperature
because of
❚ Thermal expansion
Liquid in glass
thermometer

❚ Usually mercury or alcohol

❚ reference points-ice point (freezing)
❚ steam point (boiling
Figure 5.2
Temperature Scales
Celsius scale C
o

❚ 0 freezing
❚ 100 boiling
❚ 100 units between 0 and 100
Fahrenheit scale o
F

❚ 32 Freezing
❚ 212 boiling
❚ 180 units between 32 and 212
Kelvin scale K

❚ K= C + 273
❚ 273 freezing
❚ 373 boiling
Conversion of temperature

❚ K=C + 273
❚ F=9/5 C + 32 1.8 C + 32
❚ C=5/9(F-32) F-32 /1.8
HEAT

❚ Heat is a form of energy

❚ A. Heat is energy transferred from or to
an object as the result of a temp.
difference
❚ 1. Total energy=work done + heat
❚ E=W+ H
❚ The total internal energy of a substance
is referred to as heat
CALORIE

❚ The amount of heat necessary to raise 1

gram of pure water by 1 degree C at
normal atm pressure
❚ 1 calorie=4.18 Joules
❚ 1 kilocalorie=amt of heat to raise 1 kg of
water 1 degree C 1C=1000c
❚ diet calorie=1 kilocalorie or a big C
❚ A “big” calorie is the food calorie
❚ BTU=amt of heat to raise 1lb of water
1F
Specific Heat
❚ When heat is added temp increases
❚ example iron and aluminum
❚ more energy is needed to raise temp of
aluminum , more energy goes into
potential energy rather than kinetic
❚ Specific heat is the amount of heat
necessary to raise the temp of 1kg of sub
by 1 degree C Cp water=1Kcal/Kg C
Specific Heat

❚ The amount of heat

needed to change t
he temperature of
one gram of a s
ubstance 1oC.
❚ The greater the specific heat the
greater the heat required to raise the
temp of that sub
❚ Heat=mass x temp change x specific
heat
❚ H=(m) ( T)(Cp)
Specific Heat

❚ How much heat is required to heat a

bathtub full of water (80kg) from 12
C to 42 C
❚ H=m T Cp
❚ 80 x 30 x 1 = 2400
Heat Change
Heat Change

❚ As a substance changes
from one phase to
another, there will
be a change in heat
energy but NO temper
ature change.
Heat Change

❚ This happens because

all the energy in the
system is being u
sed to change the
phase and not to
change the speed o
f particle motio
n.
Melting Point

❚ The temperature at whi

ch a substance changes
from the solid phase to
the liquid phase.
Freezing Point

❚ The temperature at whi

ch a substance changes
from the liquid phase t
o the solid phase.
Boiling Point

❚ The temperature at whic

h a substance changes f
rom the liquid phase to
the gas phase.
Latent Heat

❚ How much heat is required to

change .2kg of ice at 0 C into water
at 2 C
❚ Heat=mass x Hf + (m x T x Cp)

❚ ( .2)(80) + (.2)(2)(1) =16.4

kcal
Heat of Fusion

❚ The amount of heat

needed to change one
gram of a substance fro
m the solid phase to the
liquid phase.
❚ T h e H fus o f w a t e r i s
about 80 calories / gram.
Heat of
Vaporization

❚ The amount of heat

needed to change on
e gram of a substan
ce from the liquid phas
e to the gas phase.
❚ T h e H vap o f w a t e r i s
about 540 calories /
gram.
Heat information
about water

❚ W a t e r - H fus = 8 0 c a l / g
❚ Water - H vap = 540 cal/g
❚ Ice - CP= 0.5 cal/g.C O

❚ Water - CP= 1 cal/g.C O

❚ Water Vapor - CP=

0.25 cal/g.CO
Figure 5.5
Graph of Temperature Versus
Heat for Water
Kinetic theory of gases

❚ All matter is made of atoms

(molecules) in motion
❚ The motion of the molecules is
determined by the temperature
❚ Random collisions occur with each
other and the walls of the container
Phases of Matter

❚ Solid -molecules vibrate at fixed points

❚ liquid-molecules are free to move assume
the shape of the container
❚ Gas-molecules move rapidly, no definite
shape, assume shape and volume of
container
❚ plasma-electrically charged particles of
high energy
❚ Heat engine is a device that converts
heat into work.
❚ Gasoline engines, steam engines
❚ heat in=work + heat out
❚ Thermal efficiency= work out x 100
❚ heat input
Thermodynamics

❚ The flow, production,conversion of

heat into work
❚ First Law of thermodynamics
❚ First law-heat added to a closed
system goes into the internal energy
of the system
2nd law

❚ Second Law--nothing is 100 % eff.

❚ Heat will be lost
❚ impossible for heat to flow from a
colder body to a hotter body
❚ Third law--it is impossible to obtain a
temp. of absolute 0
Entropy

❚ Entropy is a measure of the disorder of

a system.
❚ When heat is added entropy increases
molecules become disordered
❚ systems left to themselves tend to
become disordered
❚ The entropy of an isolated system
never decreases 2nd law
Figure 5.8
Conduction, Convection, and
Radiation
Heat transfer
Conduction

❚ Conduction-transfer of heat by
molecular activity. Thermal
conductivity is the ability of solids to
conduct heat.
❚ Thermal insulation- liquids and gases
are poor thermal conductors
Convection

❚ Convection- the movement of a

substance or mass (fluids and gases)
from one position to another
❚ home heating system
Radiation

❚ Radiation--transfer of heat energy

through space by electromagnetic
waves
❚ Can travel through a vacuum
❚ Sun
❚ Heat lamps
Figure 5.17
Schematic Diagram of a
Heat Engine
Heat pumps

❚ Heat pump is a device that uses work

input to transfer heat from a low
temperature reservoir to a high
temperature reservoir.
❚ The reverse of a heat engine
❚ refrigerators and air conditioners
❚ home heating extracts heat from
outside
Figure 5.19
Schematic Diagram of a
Heat Pump