Sistem Urinaria

The urinary system of the human body

consists of
two kidneys,
two ureters,
the bladder and
a single urethra.

The kidneys are located on the posterior wall

of the abdomen at waist level.

Each kidney is roughly 10 cm long and 5 cm

wide, and is encased in a fibrous outer

capsule called the renal capsule.
The main function of the kidneys is to control
blood volume and composition. They do this
by filtering the blood to remove waste
products, salts and water. These are secreted
in the form of urine.

 The kidneys are located in the posterior part of

the abdomen.
There is one on each side of the spine ,the right
kidney sits just below the liver, the left below
the diaphragma and adjacent to the spleen.
Above each kidney is an adrenal gland (also
called the suprarenal gland). The asymmetry
within the abdominal cavity caused by the liver
results in the right kidney being slightly lower
than the left one while the left kidney is located
slightly more medial.

The kidneys are retroperitoneal

They are approximately at the vertebral level

T12 to L3.
The upper parts of the kidneys are partially
protected by the eleventh and twelfth ribs.
Congenital absence of one or both kidneys,
known as unilateral or bilateral renal agenesis,
can occur.

Structure of the kidney

On sectioning, the kidney has a pale outer

region- the cortex- and a darker inner

region- the medulla.
The medulla is divided into 8-18 conical
regions, called the renal pyramids; the
base of each pyramid starts at the
corticomedullary border, and the apex
ends in the renal papilla which merges to
form the renal pelvis and then on to form
the ureter.

In humans, the renal pelvis is divided into two

or three spaces -the major calyces- which in

turn divide into further minor calyces.
The walls of the calyces, pelvis and ureters
are lined with smooth muscle that can
contract to force urine towards the bladder by
peristalisis.

The cortex and the medulla are made up of

nephrons; these are the functional units of

the kidney, and each kidney contains about
1.3 million of them.

Ureter
The ureters deliver urine to the bladder from the

kidney to bladder.
The ureters are retroperitoneal, which means
that they are located in the retroperitoneal
space .
In adults the ureters are approx 12 inches (30 cm)
long and have a muscular coat that tightens and
relaxes to move urine away from the kidney. This
muscular action is controlled by the autonomic
nervous system (ANS) and operates in a similar
way to that of peristalsis in the digestive system.

The ureters pass through the posterior

surface of the bladder at the Ureter Orifices.

Urine drains through the ureters directly into
the bladder as there are no sphincter muscles
or valves at the ureter orifices

Bladder
The bladder is located on the floor of the pelvic

cavity. (Other organs, glands and tissues located

in the pelvic cavity include the rectum, genderspecific reproductive organs, parts of the small
intestine, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and
nerves).
The bladder is located anterior to (i.e. in front of)
the rectum in males.
In females it is also in front of the uterus and
upper vagina so its location is described simply
as "anterior to the uterus and upper vagina".

The urinary bladder is a musculomembranous

sac whose shape is affected by factors

including the person's age and sex - as well as
the volume of urine it contains at the time.
The "superior" or "abdominal" surfaces, and
the "lateral" surfaces of the bladder are
covered by peritoneum.

Bladder in pelvic cavity.

Structure of Bladder
The bladder itself ("musculomembranous sac") consists of 4
layers:
Serous
The outer "serous" layer is a partial layer derived from the
peritoneum.
Muscular
The detrusor muscle is the muscle of the urinary bladder
wall.
It consists of three layers of smooth (involuntary) muscle
fibres. The external layer is longitudinal, the middle layer is
circular configuration, and the internal layer is longitudinal .
Sub-mucous
This is a thin layer of areolar tissue .

Mucous

The innermost layer,which contains transitional

epithelium tissue that can stretch.
The ability of this tissue to stretch is important because it
contains variable volumes of liquid - as the bladder is
filled and emptied several times per day. Because it is
only loosely attached to the (strong and substantial)
muscular layer, the mucosa falls into many folds known
as rugae when the bladder is empty or is only filled to a
small extent.

Female urethra
At only about 1.5 inches (35 mm) long, the

female adult urethra is shorter than the

adult male urethra (approx. or 8 inches, or
200mm).
The female urethra is located immediately
behind the pubic symphysis and is
embedded into the front wall of the vagina.

The urethra itself is a narrow membranous canal

that consists of three layers:

Muscular layer - continuous with the muscular
layer of the bladder, this extends the full length
of the urethra.
Thin layer of spongy erectile tissue including plexus of veins and bundles of smooth
muscle fibres. Located immediately below the
mucous layer.
Mucous layer - internally continuous with the
bladder and lined with laminated epithelium
that is transitional near to the bladder.

After passing through the urogenital diaphragm

,the female urethra ends at the external orifice

of urethra - which is the point at which the urine
leaves the body. This is located between the
clitoris and the vaginal opening.
The passage of urine along the urethra through
the urogenital diaphragm is controlled by the
external urethral sphincter, which is a circular
muscle under voluntary control (that is, it is
innervated by the somatic nervous system, SNS

Male urethra
At about 8-9 inches (200 mm) long, the

adult male urethra is longer than the

adult female urethra (of approx. 1.5 inches
35 mm).
It has three portions (the prostatic
urethra, the membranous urethra, and
the spongy urethra ) and extends from
the neck of the bladder to the meatus
urinarius at the end of the male
penis/urethra.

The three regions/sections of the male urethra

are:
Prostatic Urethra
The prostatic urethra begins at the neck of

the bladder and includes all of the section that

passes through the prostrate gland.
It is the widest and most dilatable part of the
male urethral canal.

 Membranous Urethra
The membranous urethra is the shortest and narrowest part

of the male urethra.

This section measures approx. 0.5 - 0.75 inches (12 - 19 mm) in
length and is the section of the urethra that passes through the
male urogenital diaphragm.
The external urethral sphincter (muscle) is located in the
urogenital diaphragm (as for the female urethra).
The passage of urine along the urethra through the urogenital
diaphragm is controlled by the external urethral sphincter,
which is a circular muscle under voluntary control (that is, it is
innervated by the somatic nervous system, SNS).

Spongy Urethra
The spongy urethra is the longest of the three
sections.
It is approx. 6 inches (150 mm) in length
It is contained in the corpus spongiosum that
extends from the end of the membranous
portion, passes through the penis, and
terminates at the external orifice of the
urethra - which is the point at which the urine
leaves the body.