The Property of Gases

Kinetic Molecular Theory

And Pressure

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

The word kinetic refers to motion.
Kinetic energy is the energy an object has because of its
motion.
Kinetic Molecular Theory makes assumptions about:
Size
Motion
Energy of gas particles

Kinetic Molecular Theory Part 1

1. According to the KMT all matter consists of tiny particles
that are in constant, random motion
Move in a straight line until they collide with other particles or with
the walls of the container.

Kinetic Molecular Theory Part 2

2. Gas particles are much smaller than the distances
between them. Most of a gas consists of empty space.

Gas consists of small particles that are separated from one

another by empty space

Most of the volume of a gas consists of empty space

Because they are so far apart, there are no attractive or

repulsive forces between the gas molecules

The motion of one particle is independent of the motion of

other particles

Kinetic Molecular Theory Part 3

3. No kinetic energy is lost when gas particles collide with
each other or with the walls of the container (elastic
collision)

Undergoes elastic collision no kinetic energy is lost when

particles collide.

The total amount of kinetic energy remains constant.

Kinetic Molecular Theory Part 4

4. All gases have the same average kinetic energy at a
given temperature
Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy of particle
in a sample of matter.
Kinetic energy and temperature are directly related
The higher the temperature, the greater the kinetic energy

The Kelvin temperature of a substance is directly proportional to

the average kinetic energy of the particles of the substance.
273 + _____oC = _______Kelvin
There is no temperature lower than 0 Kelvin (Absolute Zero).
Kinetic Energy = mv2; where m = mass and v = velocity

Absolute Zero
The greater the atomic and molecular motion, the greater the
temperature is of a substance.
If all atomic and molecular motion would stop, the temperature
would be at absolute zero (0 Kelvin or -273 oC)

Diffusion and Effusion

Diffusion describes the movement of one material
through another
Particles diffuse from an area of high concentration to low
concentration

Effusion gas escapes through a tiny opening.

The heavier the molecule, the slower it will effuse or diffuse

Diffusion and Effusion

Diffusion

Effusion

Pressure
Pressure is the force per unit area
Gas pressure is the force exerted by a gas per unit surface
area of an object.

Gas pressure is the result of billions of collisions of billions of gas

molecules with an object

Atmospheric pressure (air pressure) results from the

collisions of air molecules with objects.

The air pressure at higher altitudes is slightly lower than at sea

level because the density of the Earths atmosphere decreases as
elevation increases.

Vacuum - Empty space with no particles and no pressure

Measuring Pressure
Barometer an
instrument used to
measure atmospheric
pressure

Measuring Pressure
Manometer an
instrument used to
measure gas pressure in
a closed container

Units of Pressure and STP

Average atmospheric pressure is 1 atm
1atm = 760 torr = 760 mmHg = 101.3 kPa
STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure)
1 atm and 0oC or 1 atm and 273 K

S T P
e e
n r
f
e
c
t
1

Daltons Partial Pressure

Daltons law of partial pressures states that the total
pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the
pressures of all the gases in the mixture.
Ptotal = P1 + P2 +P3 + . . . Pn

Conversion Factors for Pressure

1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mmHg = 101.3 kPa

Example 1
Convert 2.5 atm into torr, mmHg, kPa
2.5 atm

760 torr
1 atm

2.5 atm

760 mmHg
1 atm

2.5 atm

101.3 kPa
1 atm

= 1900 torr

= 1900 mmHg

= 250 kPa

Example 2
Convert 215 kPa into torr, mmHg, atm
215 atm

760 torr
101.3 kPa

215 atm

760 mmHg
101.3 kPa

215 atm

1 atm
101.3 kPa

= 1610 torr

= 1610 mmHg

= 2.12 atm

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + Pn

Example 1
Ptotal = PO2 + PCO2 + PN2
0.97 atm = PO2 + 0.70 atm + 0.12 atm
PO2 = 0.15 atm

Example 2
Ptotal = PO2 + PCO2 + PCO
235 kPa

1 atm
101.3 kPa

= 2.32 atm

455 torr

1 atm
760 torr

= 0.599 atm

Ptotal = 0.563 atm + 2.32 atm + 0.599 atm

Ptotal = 3.48 atm

**You first
have to put
everything in
the same units!

COCl2

C2H2AsCl3

Cl3CNO2

C4H8Cl2S