Correlation

Finding the relationship between two

quantitative variables without being
able to infer causal relationships
Correlation is a statistical technique
used to determine the degree to
which two variables are related

Scatter diagram
Rectangular coordinate
Two quantitative variables
One variable is called independent (X) and
the second is called dependent (Y)
Points are not joined
No frequency table

Y
*

*
*
X

Example

220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60

70

80

90

100

110

120

wt (kg)

Scatter diagram of weight and systolic blood

pressure

220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60

70

80

90

100

110

Scatter diagram of weight and systolic blood pressure

120Wt (kg)

Scatter plots
The pattern of data is indicative of the type of
relationship between your two variables:
positive relationship
negative relationship
no relationship

Positive relationship

18

16

14

12
Height in CM
10

0
10

20

30

40

50
Age in Weeks

60

70

80

90

Negative relationship

Reliability

AgeofCar

No relation

The measures of correlation are

conventionally assigned values ranging -1
.to +1
means a PERFECT NEGATIVE 1 CORRELATION
means a PERFECT POSITIVE 1+
CORRELATION
.value describes no correlation at all 0

Perfect Positive Correlation

1+
Denotes that all of the individual performances
in X and Y have the same position . All points
are situated in a straight line . X increases as Y
increases. (Directly Proportional)

Perfect Negative Correlation

1It is the exact opposite. X increases as Y
decreases. (Inversely Proportional)

Simple Correlation coefficient (r)

It is also called Pearson's correlation
or product moment correlation
coefficient.
It measures the nature and strength
between two variables of
the quantitative type.

An agricultural research organization tested a

particular chemical fertilizers to try to find
out whether an increase in the amount of
fertilizer used would lead to a corresponding
.increases in the food supply

X
Y

Fertilizer 2 1 3 2 4 5 3
s
Bushels 4 3 4 3 6 5 5
of beans

Steps in Computing Pearson

Product-Moment Correlation
Coefficient
Find the sum of X and Y. 1
Square all X and Y values. 2
Sum X2 and Y2. 3
Multiply X and Y. 4

Get the sum of the product XY. 5

Apply Formula. 6

Formula
r

N XY X Y

N X 2 ( X ) 2

N Y ( Y )
2

R = correlation between X and Y

X = sum of Test X
Y = Sum of test Y
XY = sum of the product of X and Y
N = number of cases
X2 = sum of squared X scores
Y2 = Sum of squared Y scores

XY

X2

Y2

16

12

16

24

16

36

25

25

25

15

25

XY

X2

Y2

16

12

16

24

16

36

25

25

25

15

25

X = 20 Y = 30

XY =
93

X2 =
68

Y2 =
136

r = 0.811

Thank
You