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FORM 4 : MATTER
TYPES OF PARTICLES
Particles can exist as atoms,
molecules or ions.
Atom is the smallest, indivisible
particle of an element.
Molecules are particles that made up
of two or more atoms.
Ions are particles that carry charge.
Positive ion Cation
Negative ion - Anion
Elements
An element is a substance that consists of only one type of atom.
Element can be either atoms or molecules.
Example:
(Both the iron and oxygen are element because they consist of
only one type of atoms)
Compounds
Example:
SYMBOL OF ELEMENT
A symbol of element is the chemical symbol written in short
form to represent a particular element.Some elements are
represented by thefirst letter of its name.
Examples:
Element
Fluorine
Hydrogen
Iodine
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Symbol Element
F
Phosphoru
s
H
Sulphur
I
Carbon
N
Vanadium
O
Symbol
P
S
C
V
If there are two or more elements that have mane start with
the same alphabet letter, a second letter is added to
differentiate between these elements.Thesecond
letterused is alwayslowercase.
Element
Examples:
s
Symbol
Element
s
Symbol
Bromine
Br
Nickel
Ni
Calcium
Ca
Silicon
Si
Chlorine
Cl
Helium
He
Chromiu
m
Cr
Argon
Ar
Magnesiu
m
Mg
Aluminiu
m
Al
Mangane
se
Mn
Zinc
Zn
Neon
Ne
Platinum
Pt
Characterist
ics
Solid
Liquid
Arrangemen
Particles are
Particles arenot
t of
arranged inorderly
arranged in
Particles mannerand close to
order.The space
one another.
between particles is
moderately large.
Movement
of Particles
Particles vibrate at
fixed positions.
Force of
Attraction
between
particles
very strong
Gas
Particles move
The particles move
randomly and slowly
randomly in all
and sometimes will directions at great
collide against each
speed.
other.
Strong but weaker
very weak
than in the solid
state.
Ability to
be
compress
ed
Very difficult to be
compressed
because the
particles are
packed closely.
Not easily
compressed
because the
particles are
packed quite
closely.
Easily
compressed
because the
particles are
very far apart.
Volume
Fixed
Fixed
Follows the
container
Heat
Energy
content
Lowest Energy
Content
Moderate energy
content.
Highest
energy content
Shape
Fixed
Follows the
container
Relative Mass
Relative Mass
The relative mass of an object is the comparison of
the mass of the object to the mass of a standard
object.
Relative Atomic Mass
The relative atomic mass (Ar) of an element is the
average mass of one atom of the element when
compared with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of
carbon-12, which taken as 12 units.
EXAMPLE QUESTION
Example 1
The mass of a sodium atom is 23 times greater than 1/12 of the mass
of carbon-12 atom. What is the relative atomic mass of sodium?
Answer:
23
Example 2:
The mass of element A is twice of the mass of carbon, therefore its
relative atomic mass is __________.
(Relative atomic mass of carbon = 12)
Answer:
Relative Atomic Mass of Element A = 2 x 12 = 24
Example 3:
An atom of element X is 13 times heavier than one atom of helium.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of X.( Ar: He = 4 )
Answer:
Relative Atomic Mass of X = 13 x 4 = 52
Example 4:
How many times that the mass of 2 bromine atoms are greater than
4 neon atoms? (Ar: Ne = 20; Br = 80 )
Answer:
2(80)4(20)=2
2(80)4(20)=2
The mass of 2 bromine atoms is 2 time greater than the mass of 4
neon atoms.
Example 5
4 atoms of element L have same mass as 1 tellurium atom.
Find the relative atomic mass of L.
(Ar: Te = 128 )
Answer:
4L=1(128)
L=128/4
=32
The relative atomic mass of L = 32
Example
Find the relative molecular mass of carbon dioxide.
[ JAR: C = 12; O = 16 ]
Answer:
The formula of carbon dioxide = CO2
Relative molecular mass of CO2= 1 x 12 + 2 x 16 = 44
Example
What is the relative molecular mass of aluminium sulphate
[ Al2(SO4)3]?
( Ar: O = 16, S = 32; Al = 27 )
Answer:
Relative molecular mass ofAl2(SO4)3= 2 x 27 + 3( 32 + 4 x 16) = 342
Electron
-1
1/1840
Question:
Given that the formula of a compound is KXO 3and its
relative molecular mass is 167. Find the relative
atomic mass of element X?(Ar: O = 16; K = 39 )
Answer
Let's say the relative atomic mass of element X = m
The relative moleculaar mass of KXO 3
= 39 + m + 3(16) = 167
m = 167 - 39 - 3(16) = 80
relative atomic mass of element X = 80
Question:
The general formula of a hydrocarbon is
CnH2nand the relative molecular mass of the
hydrocarbon is 84. Find the value of n.
Answer:
Relative molecular mass ofCnH2n
= n(12) + 2n(1) = 84
14n = 84
n = 84/14 = 6
Concept Of Mole
A mole is defined as the amount of substance which contains the Avogadro
Number of particles.
The Avogadro Number (or Avogadro Constant) is defined as the number of atoms
in 12 g of the carbon-12 isotope, which is equal to 6.02 x 10 23.
1 mole = 6.02 x 1023
Example:
1 mol of atoms =6.02 x 1023atoms
mol of atoms =3.01 x 1023atoms
mol of atoms =1.505 x 1023atoms.
Note:
The particles in a material can be atoms, molecules or ions.
Therefore
1 mol potassium atom =6.02 x 1023potassium atom
1 mol carbon dioxide molecules =6.02 x 1023of carbon dioxide molecules.
1 mol sulphate ions =6.02 x 1023sulphate ions
Mole and mol
Mole is the unit of amount of substance.
mol is the symbol of mole.
Example:
Find the number of atoms in:
2 mol ferum
3.6 mol zink
2.8 mol zink
mol ferum
Answer:
2 mol iron = 2 x6.02 x 1023= 1.204x 1024iron atoms
3.6 mol zink = 3.6 x6.02 x 1023= 2.167x 1024zink
atoms
2.8 mol zink = 2.8 x6.02 x 1023= 1.686x 1024zink atoms
mol iron = x6.02 x 1023= 1.505x 1023iron atoms.
Example
Which contains more atoms, 1 mol of helium
or 1 mol of uranium? Which has a greater
mass? [ RAM: He=4; U=238 ]
Answer:
1 mol of helium and 1 mol of uranium has
equal number of atoms.
The mass of one Uranium atom ss greater
than the mass of one helium atom.
Example
Find the number of atoms in 2.5 mol
of gold.
Answer:
Number of atoms
= Number of mole x Avogadro
constant
= 2.5 x6.02 x 1023=1.505 x 1024
Example
How many moles of magnesium that
contain 2.76x 1023of magnesium
atom?
Answer:
Number of mole
= Number of atomsAvogadro
constant
=2.76x 10236.02 x 1023