CHAPTER ONE

(GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY)
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:a. understand the growth, development & effect of technology.
b. understand the criteria, scope and appropriate of technology.
c. Understand the transfer of technology & their benefits

CHAPTER ONE
(GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY)
1.0

Historical development of technology

It can be divided into :

Pre industrial society
Industrial society
Post industrial society
a. Pre industrial society (up until 1765)
steam road engine design by James Watt.
Hot air balloon (hydrogen balloon)
Types of technology :
Craft /hand technology
The lever, wheel, hand pump, plough etc.
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CHAPTER ONE
(GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY)
b.

Industrial society (1765 1970)

Types of technology:

Steam locomotive technology and electric technology

Power is embodied in machines and tools.

Voltas battery

Morse telegraph

Telephone

Motor car petrol engine

Electronic computer
c.

Post industrial society (1970 to date)

Types of technology:

Intellectual technology.

Information is encoded in comprehensive technological systems

.
3

Waves of Technological Revolution

Revolution
Agricultural
Revolution

Industrial
Revolution

Electronic
Revolution

IT Revolution

Life
Science

Bio Technologies

Rotation
of crops

Steam Engine
Automatic Loom

Microprocessors
Optical Fibers

Stock Breeding
1700

Information
Superhighways
Integrated
Multimedia
Networks

1760

Telephony
Electricity
1890

Steel, Gas
Engine, Car,
Airplane,
Oil Drilling
1910

Television
Computer

1950

1970

1990

Year
4

Birth of Engineering Disciplines

BIRTH OF ENGINEERING DISCIPLINES

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Mechanical
Civil

Electrical

Electronic
Manufacturing
Computer
Chemical
Telecom
Aerospace m.
Optical

Nanotech

BUILDING ELEVATIONS
SLUDGE STORAGE

PART OF STP PLANT

OVERALL ELEVATION FROM THE PROPOSED HIGHWAY

ELEVATION OF PART OF THE STP PLANT

ELEVATION OF THE SLUDGE STORAGE

ELECTRONIC REVOLUTION
Information
Utility?

Arm Signaling

Mobile Phone

Drum
Telegraphy
Morse
Code

Optical
Communications
TELSTAR

Needle
Telegraph

SPUTNIK
Bells Telephone

Heinrich Hertz
& his Radiator

Marconi &
his Radio

Television

ELECTRONIC & IT REVOLUTION

Vacuum Tube

Difference Engine
built by Charles
Babbage
(1812) to do some
calculation work

The Holler &

Tabulating Machine
created based on the
Gear System
basis of punched card
machine built by system to perform
Blaise Pascal to calculations. Later on
do some
became the pioneer for
arithmetic work IBM machines
Network:
LAN, WAN,
Internet,
Intranet,
Mobile

ENIAC
Transistor

Integrated Circuits

Computer &
Workstation

1975 - BASIC
Compiler
program
developed by
Bill Gates &
Paul Allen

Exiting a Toll House, Entering a Jammed Highway

10

CHAPTER ONE
(GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY)
Growth of technology
Technology may be defined as the application of scientific knowledge for practical application in
the production, commercialization and distribution of goods and services.
The development of new products and services due to rapid technological innovation has given
us:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.

mobile telephones,
the internet,
electronic mail,
portable multimedia computers,
cyber cafes,
Electronic engine management systems in motorcars,
remote video
conferencing,
compact disc and their players,
smart bankcards and so on.

11

S&T in your life

ICQ,
email

Internet
SMS,
MMS, GSM & 3G
video
phone
Video
games

LRT

Highway

Twin
Towers

MP3,
online
game
s
Meeting
&
discussio
n
Movi
e

MPE
G
Surround
system

12

CHAPTER ONE
(GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY)
Development in Engineering Technology.

Engineering materials (concrete, steel, plastic, etc)

Power (steam to turbine, nuclear, etc)
Machineries (Automotives, factory plants, boring machines)
Transportation (Railway, road, aeroplane etc.)
Services (Electricity, telephone etc)
Computer (fax, e-mail, internet etc.) lead to e-economy & k-economy
Present business scenario need to alert with latest tech.(internet)
Etc.

K-economy
Possessing or promoting new industries created by production, distribution & use
of knowledge & information, eg. Microsoft
Characterized in continuous learning & new knowledge application.
Operate by principle; investment in knowledge provides increasing in return.
13

CHAPTER ONE
(EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY)
Effects of technology to the society from the engineers contribution
The work of the engineers are easily seen :
roads,
bridges,
houses,
schools,
hospitals,
canals,
water pipes,
Power transmission lines,
telephone lines,
motorcars,
machinery,
ships,
aeroplanes,
computers, etc.
14

PYRAMID (EGYPT)
2560 B.C
High : 450 ft (137 M)
Used 2.25 million blocks of limestone.
Each block is 2.5 tons, largest block is 15.25 tons

15

THE GREAT WALL (CHINA)

3 B.C
Length 6,700 km, high 30 feet (9 m), wide 18 feet (5.5 m),
watchtower 40 feet (12m)
300,000 people use to built the wall, 10,000 were buried in it

16

PONT DU GARD (FRANCE)

19 B.C
High 160 feet (49 m)
Long 900 feet (274 m)
Purpose : to carry a supply of fresh water across the Gardon River to the
city of Nimes (409 liters per person per day), use block of stone without
mortar

17

THE DOME OF THE ROCK (PALESTINE) El AQSA MOSQUE

629 A.D
The builder of the Dome of the Rock,
the caliph Abd el Malik of Umayyad dynasty.

18

TOWER OF PISA (ITALY)

1173 A.D
High 179 feet (55 m),

19

THE BLUE MOSQUE (TURKEY)

1609 A.D
Instruction of the 19 year old sultan Ahmet 1 died at the age of 27
Having 6 minarets, roof composed of 30 small domes,
use polychrome marble and colored stone.

20

THE TAJ MAHAL (INDIA)

1632 A.D
An emperors memorial for his beloved wife after Shah Jehans wife died
giving birth to her 14th child inimitable and unforgettable
Estimated 20,000 workers use to built and took 22 years to complete.
It made from marble (brought from 322 km away.

21

PONT CYSYLLTE AQUEDUCT (WALES)

1805 A.D
High 127 feet (38 m) above the river support on stone arches
Long 1000 feet (305 m)
Cast iron canal waterway across the Dee outside Llangollen

22

THE EIFFEL TOWER (FRANCE)

1889 A.D
Iron tower, high 305 m, base
enclosing area of 4 acres, use 2.5
millions rivets

23

THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING (USA)

1931
102 stories, 381 m high, the building occupies a site of some 2 acres.
There is office space for 15000 people in the building

24

C.N TOWER (CANADA)

1975
553.3 m high to the top of antenna.
For telecommunication

25

The Channel Tunnel

The Channel Tunnel (French: le tunnel

sous la Manche) is a 50 km-long (31
miles) rail tunnel beneath the English
Channel at the Straits of Dover,
connecting Folkestone, Kent in England
to Coquelles near Calais in northern
France. A long-standing and very
expensive project that saw several false
starts, it was finally completed in 1994. It
is the second-longest rail tunnel in the
world, surpassed only by the Seikan
Tunnel in Japan.
26

THE MILLAU BRIDGE (FRANCE)

20 CENTURY
Support by 7 main column (each column 343 m high)
Construction cost RM 1.9 billions

27

CHAPTER ONE
(EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY)
When there is a failure, an engineer is seen as the main contributing factor for the
failure.
The engineer usually play a very important role in a multi disciplinary project team.
In the case of high rise building project, for example, the civil and structural (C & S)
engineer in fact can be considered as the most important person in the design team,
although he normally does not play the lead role and his fee is Insignificant compared
with that of the architect.
the engineer is responsible for ensuring that the building will stand for as long as its
design life.
In the unfortunate event of a failure, such as the collapse of the Highland Tower,
accusing fingers are straightaway pointed at the C & S engineers and the contractors.
The other professionals involved in the project do not seem to have to shoulder any
responsibility at all.
28

Failure in Civil and Structural Engineering

To comply with safety issues, designs
are usually based on code of practices
Code of practices involved from studies
/ experiences of failure
2 failure types; test and real life
experiences/FAILURE
Buildings Ronan Point, Hyatt
Regency, Highland Tower

Ronan Point Flats

29

ARCHITECT - ENGINNERS
IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Failures
Early 1800s - bridges 1 in 4 fails
30 years failure cycle
Angers Bridge, France, 1850
Tay Rail Bridge, Scotland, 1879
Quebec Bridge, Canada, 1907
Tacoma Narrows, USA, 1940
West Gate Bridge, Australia,
1970
Highland Towers legal
implication to the local
engineering profession
To Engineer is Human by Henry
Petroski
Joint Failure
30

CHAPTER ONE
(EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY)

Effects of technology to the society

a.

Safety and health of the public

Engineers identify all safety and health risks, assess them and take steps
to minimize or eliminate and control all risks in the work place, building,
products, environment and public arena.

31

CHAPTER ONE
(EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY)
b.

Countrys development

Engineers contributed very significantly to a countrys development from

an agricultural economy to one that includes manufacturing,
communication, services, and exploitation of the countrys natural
resources like tin, iron, hydropower, oil and gas. Without roads, highways,
bridges, clean water supply, electrical power supply, telephone, we would
be living lives in kampong where it will be dark at night and water is from
the well.

c.

Longer life of population

The life expectancy of the population is getting longer because of good

services from hospitals. Hospitals being equipped with tools and
sophisticated machinery such as X rays, scanners which is developed
by engineers.
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CHAPTER ONE
(EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY)
d.

Comfortable life of public

The house is typically equipped with air conditioning, washing

machine, refrigerator and freezers that engineers contributed in
the development and manufacturing so we can more productive
and creative.

e.

Good communication

Satellite, TV and cell phones together with computer and internet

have enable us to communicate instantly and everywhere on the
earth. These were input and built from electrical and electronic
engineers.
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CHAPTER ONE
(EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY)

f.

Transportation

Good transportation such will open for new business opportunity.

34

CHAPTER ONE
(APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY )
1.2

.
Why underdevelopment countries needs A.T?
Low gross national product (GDP)/capita
High birth rate
High unemployment
Heavy dependence on the agricultural sector
Inequality of income
Low rate of capital formation
Poor infrastructure transportation systems, water supplies, electrical supplies,
telephones, etc.
Poor services health and education, etc
1.2.1
What are the basic requirement of community?
Food
Water
Clothing
Shelter
Health care, hygiene and sanitation
Education and training
35

CHAPTER ONE
(APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY )
1.2.2

Definition of Appropriate Technology (A.T)

Appropriate technology is an integrated or systems approach to development

(methodology of development) and is concerned with the satisfaction of basic
human needs. A.T attempts to encourage a community to develop by making
use of local resources of skills, finance and materials.

1.2.3

The aim of development what A.T tries to do?

To improve the quality of live of the people

To maximize the use of renewable resources
To create work places where the people now live.
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CHAPTER ONE
(APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY )

Criteria in selecting A.T should satisfy the following:

Use local skills

Use local materials
Use local financial resources
Be compatible with local culture and practice
Satisfy local wishes and needs

37

Criteria for deciding if technology is appropriate or not

Reasonable cost (short term/long term)?
Influence on the local culture now or in the future?
Promote a healthy lifestyle for individual?
A civil engineer will consider as most appropriate a technique which assures
him that :

the end product will be of good quality

within schedule time
least cost
Minimum risks.
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CHAPTER ONE
(APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY )

Scope of A.T activities

1.

Food, agriculture and agricultural engineering

New sources of food,

Improved agricultural techniques
The provision of equipment designs.

39

CHAPTER ONE
(APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY )

2.

Water and health

sources of water for drinking and other purposes,

pumping, distribution and water treatment,
the safe disposal of sewage
the provision of facilities which encourage improved standards of
hygiene.

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CHAPTER ONE
(APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY )

3.

Energy

Source of new energy

To provide power for various human activities including water pumping
Agricultural processes
Crop drying
Grinding
Transportation for domestic and industrial use.

41

CHAPTER ONE
(APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY )

4.

Medical , building, roads and other services

The education and training of paramedical staff to provide some level of

medical care to areas previously without any medical service
Development of low cost buildings and roads

42

CHAPTER ONE
(APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY )

5.

Small industry

it is essential to build up small rural based industries to provide the

production and particularly maintenance of simple plant, this will help for
the building up of the small urban industry.

43

CHAPTER ONE
(APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY )

6.

Education, training and development

Education is the essential component of development.

The training of more and better technicians is a general need in
developing countries.
The universities can provide a lead in initiating and supporting
local development.

44

CHAPTER ONE
(APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY )
Conclusion
A technology is considered appropriate technology if it satisfies most of the
following conditions:
Relevant to the development of the local community.
Financial, cultural, religious, social and environment criteria must be included in
the assessment.
Improved the way of living.
Economic

45