Chapter 5: Ionic and

Covalent Compounds
Disclaimer: LOTS of
vocabulary (nomenclature)
YES, you need to PRACTICE

Lewis Dot Symbols

Displays valence electrons
Each dot = 1 valence eUseful for main group elements
# dot = group number = valence
electrons
Do not pair
dots until
necessary

p-subshell elements:
# unpaired = # bonds the atom can
form
Ions: add or remove dots to reflect
final valence
Practice!
C
How many bonds?
O
How many bonds?
Ca
Ca2+
Xe
O2-

Ionic Compounds and Bonding:

Usually between Metals and Nonmetals

Ionic Bonding: electrostatic attractions

between oppositely charged ions

K K+ + 1e- Requires Ionization energy

I + 1e- IReleases energy from Electron
Affinity

K + I K+ + I- Net still requires energy

HOWEVER, formation of ionic compounds
(bringing anions and cations together) is VERY
favorable

Lattice

Crystal Lattice

REPEATING PATTERN

Founders North Ground

Floor

Lattice Energy
Amount of energy required to completely
convert one mole of a solid ionic
compound to the constituent ions in the
gas phase:
KI (s) K+ (g) + I- (g)
632 kJ/mol

Lattice Energy:

Lattice Energy
LE = kQ1Q2
Q1 and Q2 = charges
d2
d = distance
between ion centers
k = 8.99 x 109 J m C-2
What would make the lattice energy
increase?
-increase charge (Q)
-decrease ionic radii (affects d)

LiI

NaI

KI

LiI

NaI

LiF

KI

MgO

ScN

LiI

LiF

NaI

KI

MgO

ScN

Lattice Energy and Melting

Point
Larger Lattice Energy
--stronger force hold crystal together
Higher the melting point
--more energy is required to
disrupt/breakdown the lattic

Something Fun!
Lattice Energy

K+ O2Zn2+

make an ionic compound

It will be neutral, so the charge MUST balance
Cl

Either Look at least common multiple or.

Switch the charges to subscripts

What if the charges are THE

SAME??
Ca2+

O2-

If the charges are numerically

equal (cancel out) no subscripts
are necessary

Cation (metal) comes first!

CaO

Announcements
Exam
Exam review Monday 8:30pm SLC
2.303
ALEKS deadlines changed

Commit to Memory

ous ending for lower common charge

ic ending for higher common charge
Nomenclature = language of chemistry

Practice!
Write balanced formulas:

Determine Ions

Aluminum and iodine

Potassium and chlorine
Magnesium and oxygen

Al3+
K+
ClMg2+ O2-

Formulas

IKCl
MgO

AlI3

Molecules!
Molecule: two or more atoms held
together by chemical bonds
Compound: substance with 2 or more
elements
H2 = molecule
H2O = molecule and a compound

H2O

2H2O

1 water molecule
2 atoms of hydrogen
1 atom of oxygen

2 water molecules
4 atoms of hydrogen
2 atoms of oxygen

Common Terms
Diatomic molecule contains 2
atoms
Homonuclear contains the same
atom
Homonuclear Diatomics:
H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2 and I2
Molecular Formula: shows
exact number of atoms of each
element in a molecule
Subscripts indicate number of
atoms of each element present
in formula
Subscripts are whole numbers
C12H22O11

Allotrope: one of two of more distinct

forms of an element
Diamond and graphite (both carbon)
Molecular oxygen (O2) and ozone
(O3)

Molecular Formula: number of atoms of

each element
Structural Formula: how atoms are
connected together (HCOOH)
Empirical Formula: tell what elements are
present in a molecule with the simplest
whole number ratio
Molecular (true)
Empirical (simplest)
H2O2
HO
N2H4

NH2

H2O

H2O

CO

carbon monoxide
Usually omit mono for first
element
Usually omit o or a in front of
an oxide

Common Names
B2H6

diborane

SiH4

silane

NH3

ammonia

PH3

phosphine

H2O

water

H2S

hydrogen sulfide

Commit to Memory

methanol (meth 1 C, -ol, -OH group

CH3OH)
ethanol (2 C, -ol, -OH group,
CH3CH2OH)

Nomenclature Mnemonic for Remembering ates

NicktheCamelAteaClamSupperandCrepes(fordessert)inPhoenix

Nomenclature Mnemonic for Remembering ates

NicktheCamelAteaClamSupperandCrepes(fordessert)inPhoenix

Consonants
Oxygen
Nick=Nitrate
Camel=Carbonate
Clam=Chlorate

3
3
3

Vowels =
Charge
-1
-2
-1

Polyatomic
Ion
NO3
CO32-
ClO3-

(Note: Bromate and Iodate are the same as Chlorate.)

Supper=Sulfate
4
Crepes=chromate
4
Phoenix=Phosphate 4

-2
-2
-3

SO42CrO42PO43-

Practice!
Write the names for the following:
KMnO4
Ba3(PO4)2
Co(NO3)2
FeSO4

Are these ionic or covalent compounds

Practice!
Write the names for the following:
KMnO4
potassium permanganate
Ba3(PO4)2
Co(NO3)2
FeSO4

barium phosphate
cobaltous nitrate

cobalt (II) nitrate

ferrous sulfate
iron (II) sulfate

Acids
When dissolved in water, some compounds
form acids.
HCl (g)
HCl (aq)
(gas)
(aqueous) in water
hydrogen chloride
hydrochloric acid
For polyatomic anions:
add enough H+ ions to balance the corresponding
oxoanions charge
If anion ends in -ite the acid ends with -ous acid
If anion ends in -ate the acid ends in -ic acid
HNO3 (aq)
nitric acid
HNO (aq)

nitrous acid

Hydrates: have a SPECIFIC number

of waters in their structure

CuSO4

anhydrous copper(II) sulfate

CuSO4 5H2O
copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate
Name the compound
and add the word
hydrate
indicate the number of
water molecules with
prefixes

Ionic vs. Covalent

Ionic bonds
--usually solids
Covalent bonds
--gases, liquids or solids with low
melting point

The Study Cycle

Preview
4
Reflec
t

Attend
Review
Study
Assess

Preview before class Skim the chapter, note headings

and boldface words, review summaries and chapter
objectives, and come up with questions youd like the lecture
to answer for you.
Attend class GO TO CLASS! Answer and ask questions
and take meaningful notes.

Review after class As soon after class as possible, read

notes, fill in gaps and note any questions.
Study Repetition is the key. Ask questions such as why, how, and
what if.
Intense Study Sessions* - 3-5 short study sessions per day
Weekend Review Read notes and material from the week to make
connections
Assess your Learning Periodically perform reality checks
Am I using study methods that are effective?
Do I understand the material enough to teach it to others?

*Intense Study Sessions

1

Set a Goal

Study with Focus

(30-50 min)

Reward Yourself

(10-15 min)

Review

(1-2 min)

(5 min)

Decide what you want to accomplish in your study session

Interact with material- organize, concept map, summarize, process, reread, fill-in notes, reflect, etc.
Take a break call a friend, play a short game, get a snack
Go over what you just studied

Center for Academic

B-31CoatesHall225.578.2872www.cas.lsu.edu

Molecular Mass & Formula Mass

(molecular) (ionic)
also hear molecular weight and formula
weight
From Molecular Formula
Use atomic mass to get molecular mass
(number of each element) X (atomic
mass)
SUM for each element
H2O = 2(1.01) + 1(16.00) = 18.02 amu

Molar Mass
How many moles are in 4.60 g of Si?

How many moles are in 20.0 g of water?

How many water molecules in 20.0 g of
water?
How many H atoms in 20.0 g of water?

Percent Composition
What percent of the total mass comes from
each element
Also Known As (AKA) percent by mass
Useful in determining the empirical and
molecular formulas
% comp. also allows verification of purity of a
sample
Determined by: dividing total mass of each
element in a compound by the molecular
mass of the compound and multiplying by 100

Example of Percent Comp

Calculate the % comp of iron in iron(III)
oxide
Formula: Fe2O3
Calculate formula mass: Fe = 2 x 55.85 =
111.70 amu
O = 3 x 16.00 = 48.00 amu
111.70 + 48.00 = 159.70 amu
% by mass: 111.70/159.70 X 100% =

Empirical Formula from %

Comp
can determine empirical formulas from % composition
data; a good analysis tool
Steps to get empirical formula:
1. Convert given amounts to moles
2. Mole ratio (divide all moles by the smallest number of
moles)
The numbers represent subscripts
3. If the numbers are not whole numbers, multiply by some
factor to make them whole
2.57 gram sample composed of tin and chlorine, 1.17 g Sn