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Skeletal System
Bones are made of several
tissues
Primarily made of collagen and
hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
About 206 bones in the human
body
Appendicular skeleton
Limbs
126 bones
Joints
Where bone meets bone
Ligament holds bone to bone
Types of joints:
Immovable - skull
Ball-and-socket - shoulder
Hinge - knee
Pivot forearm
Gliding - vertebrae
Joints
Cartilage covers ends of movable bones
Reduces friction
Cartilage
Bone Structure
Periosteum hard outer covering
Cells for growth and repair
Bone Marrow
Red marrow produces blood cells and
clotting factors
Found in humerus, femur, sternum, ribs,
vertebrae, pelvis
Produces RBC 2 million per second
Bone Structure
Haversian System
Structure of compact bone
Rings of bone tissue with blood vessels
and nerves in the center
Haversian System
Bone Development
Initial skeleton of cartilage in infants
Replaced with bone by osteoblasts
More than 300 bones at birth fuse to 206
Always growing and breaking down
Osteoblasts form new bone cells
Osteoclasts break bone cells down
Osteocytes mature bone cells
Broken Bones
Fracture is a break of the bone
Simple or Complex fracture
Regrowth of bone:
Spongy bone forms in first few days
Blood vessels regrow and spongy bone hardens
Full healing takes 1-2 months
Homeostatic Imbalances
Rickets
Disease of children due to a lack of vitamin D.
Calcium is not deposited in bones.
Bones become soft.
Bowing of the bones, and other deformities occur.
Homeostatic Imbalances
Osteomalacia
Rickets of adults.
Due to a lack of vitamin D.
Calcium is not deposited in the bones.
Bones become brittle.
Homeostatic Imbalances
Osteoporosis
Bone reabsorption is greater than bone deposition.
Due to any of the following:
Lack of estrogen in women.
Lack of exercise to stress the bones.
Inadequate intake of calcium and phosphorus.
Abnormalities of vitamin D metabolism.
Loss of muscle mass.
Osteoarthritis
Osteoporosis
Decline in Bone Density
Bone Resorption > Bone Deposition
Increase Risk for Fracture
compression fractures of vertebrae
hip fractures
Role of calcium, vitamin D, estrogen, exercise
Calcitonin vs. Parathyroid Hormone
Osteoporosis