Chapter 03

The Chemistry of
Solids

SOLIDS

s are either amorphous or crystallin

AMORPHOUS SOLIDS:
Considerable disorder in structure.

Example: rubber,
glass
RYSTALLINE SOLIDS:
Highly regular structure in the form
of a repeating lattice of atoms or molec

Crystalline solids are classified

as:
atomic, metallic, ionic, or
covalent network, depending on
the type of force holding the
3

Atomic arrangements in
crystalline solids can be
described with respect to a
network of lines in three
dimensions. The intersections of
the lines are called lattice sites
(or lattice points). Each lattice
site has the same environment in
the same direction.

LATTICE EXAMPLE

We can pick out the smallest repeating unit..

UNIT CELL
We can pick out the smallest repeating unit..

We call this the UNIT CELL..

6

UNIT CELL

We call this the UNIT CELL..

The unit cell drawn here is a simple cubic cell

Examples of Unit Cells

UNIT CELL

What is a unit cell?

The smallest unit that, when stacked
together repeatedly without any
gaps can reproduce the entire
crystal.

he three unit cells we deal with are

SIMPLE CUBIC

Eight equivalent
points at the
corners of a cube

n imagine an equivalent point at the centre of

s

10

BODY CENTRED CUBIC

Eight equivalent
points at the
corners of a cube
and one at the
centre possibility...
Another
11

FACE CENTRED CUBIC

Eight equivalent
points at the corners
of a cube and six on
the centre of the
cube faces

Summary..
12

THE CUBIC UNIT

CELLS
Simple Cubic Unit
Cell

KNOW
THESE!
Body-Centred
Cubic Unit Cell !!!

How do we
investigate
Face-Centred
solids?
Cubic Unit Cell
13

Unit Cells in the Cubic

Crystal System

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 13

Slide 14 of 35

SCATTERING OF X-RAYS BY
CRYSTALS
In 19th century crystals were
identified by their shape..

Crystallographers did not know atomic

positions within the crystal.
1895 Roentgen discovered X-rays...

nd Max von Laue suggested that...

crystal might act as a diffraction
grating for the X- rays.

16

X-Ray Diffraction

SCATTERING OF X-RAYS BY
CRYSTALS
In 1912 Knipping
observed..
X-RAY DIFFRACTION
PATTERN
Von Laue gets Noble
Prize.
How can we
understand this???

18

X-ray Diffraction
X-ray diffraction (ERD) is a technique for
determining the arrangement of atoms or
ions in a crystal by analyzing the pattern
that results when X-rays are scattered
after bombarding the crystal.
The Bragg equation relates the angle of
diffraction (2) of X-rays to the spacing (d)
between the layers of ions or atoms in a
crystal: n2dsin.

Cell Structure by X-ray

Diffraction

BRAGG DIFFRACTION
LAW

.H. Bragg and W.L.Bragg noticed that

is is reminiscent of reflection..
So they formulated diffraction in
terms of reflection from planes of
electron density in the crystal..
21

BRAGGS LAW

BRAGG DIFFRACTION
LAW
plane of lattice points.

Now imagine reflection of X-rays.

23

Bragg Equation Derivation

sin = x/d
Wave length = 2x

x
x = d sin
= 2d sin

n = 2d sin

n due to multiple layers of

particles

BRAGGS LAW

Only at certain angles of will the waves from

different planes be in phase, thus n = 2dsin
By adjusting the angle of the x-rays until
constructive interference is obtained, distance (d)
between atoms is obtained

BRAGG DIFFRACTION
LAW

e Braggs also demonstrated diffraction.

And formulated a diffraction law...

When electromagnetic radiation passes

through matter.
nteracts with the electrons and

s scattered in all directions

the waves interfere..

26

IONIC SOLIDS
Binary Ionic Solids: Two
types
of ions
Examples:
NaCl MgOCaCO MgSO
3

Hard, brittle solids

High melting point

Electrical
insulators
xcept
when molten or dissolved in water.

These are lattices of ions.

27

IONIC SOLIDS
= Na+
= Cl

e notice that this is a cubic array of ions.

hy do ionic solids hold together?????

28

Sodium Chloride

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 13

Slide 29 of 35

NaCl structure
ClNa+

Lets take this apart...

30

NaCl structure
ClNa+

Lets look at the black dot lattice.

31

NaCl structure
What unit cell do the black dots form?

The black dots form a fcc lattice!

Now look at the red dots

32

NaCl structure
What unit cell is this????

Cubic certainly But which one?????

Lets have another look.
33

Summary of Crystal
Structures

METALS

EWED AS CLOSELY PACKED SPHERES

HOW CAN WE PACK SPHERES?????

35