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MECHANSIMS OF FILTRATION
(a) Clarifiers
(3) Vertical Leaf Filter and Candle Type Vertical Tank Filter (2/2):
* Being automated.
Have a lower labor cost.
* The workhorse of bioseparations.
* Common for large-scale operations whenever the solids
are difficult to filter.
PRETREATMENT OF FILTRATION
Filtration is a straightforward procedure
for well-defined crystals.
* Fermentation beers and other biological solutions are
notoriously hard to filter, because of: (1) high, nonnewtonian viscosity, and (2) highly compressible filter cakes.
Conventional filtration is often too slow to be practical.
The filtration requires pretreatment: heating,
coagulation and flocculation, or adsorption on
filter aid.
A. Heating
* To improve the feeds handling characteristics.
(Thinking of filtering a dilution solution of egg white.)
* The simplest pretreatment (and the least expensive).
* Chief constraint: thermal stability of the product.
Types of coagulants:
(1) Simple electrolytes (such as ferric chloride,
alum, or acids and bases)
(2) Synthetic polyelectrolytes
coagulation
flocculation
* The effect of
pH on filtrate
volume for
Streptomyces
griseus:
* The effect of
filter aid on
filtrate volume
for Streptomyces
griseus:
Porosity
0.45
General cases
0.20.3
Compressible solids
Diatomaceous silica ( )
0.9
-------------
____________________
Darcys law: v
kP
1 dV kP
A dt
R M RC
k
where RM is the resistance of the filter medium (constant),
and RC is the resistance of the cake (varies with V).
The basic differential equation for filtration at constant
pressure drop can thus be obtained as:
1 dV kP
A dt
1 dV
P
A dt
( RM RC )
Incompressible Cakes
V
RC 0
A
A dt ( R M RC )
1 dV
P
A dt [ (V / A) R ] (I.C.: t = 0, V = 0)
0
M
R M
At 0 V
V
K B
V
2P A
P
A
At 0 V RM
V
K
B
V
2P A
P
A
At
Plot
V
versus
V
A
0
Slope = K
2 P
V
A
At 0
V
2P
R M
V
P
A
14
.
0
lb/ft
volume of filtrate
L ft 3 453.6 g
100 lb
3
V volume of filtrate
7
.
1
ft
14.0 lb/ft 3
(To be continued)
Solution (contd):
R M
At 0 V
V
2P A
P
t = filtration time = 1 h
2.116 10 3 lb f /ft 2
lb - ft (3600) 2 s 2
P 20 psi
32.2
2
2
14.7
psi
lb
s
h
Solution (contd):
At 0
V
2P
V R M
P
A
The filter leaf has a total area of 0.1 ft2 and the filtrate has a
viscosity of 1.1 cp. The pressure drop is 20 in. of mercury and
the feed contains 0.015 kg dry cake per liter. Determine the
specific cake resistance and the medium resistance RM.
Solution:
R M
At 0 V
V
2P A
P
(To be continued)
R M
At 0 V
V
2P A
P
Solution (contd):
(a) Predict the number of frames needed
62 g
3
Cake density
0
.
245
g/cm
253.3 cm 3
63 10 3 g
5
3
2
.
57
10
cm
Cake volume of 63 kg steroid = 0.245 g/cm 3
2.57 10 cm
in
Number of frames needed =
30 30 1 in 3 2.54 cm
5
17.4
Solution (contd):
(b) Time required for filtering a 63 kg batch of steroid
For incompressible cake with a negligible filter
medium resistance,
0 V
t
2 P A
1 0V
or t
2 P 0 A
In the laboratory
test:
163 min
2 (15 psi) 0
62 g
(5.08 cm) 2
4
min - psi - cm 4
2 261
2
g
0
(To be continued)
Solution:
(b) Time required for filtering a 63 kg batch of steroid (contd)
min - psi - cm 4
261
In the laboratory test:
2 0
g2
2.09 105 cm 2
14.7 psi
P 10 psi 15 ft head
3.5 psi
2 0 P A
1 63,000
261
5
3.5 2.09 10
6.8 min
Compressible Cakes
Almost all cakes formed of biological materials are
compressible. As these cakes compress, filtration
rates drop.
To estimate the effects of compressibility, we assume that
the cake resistance is a function of the pressure drop.
' (P)
where
Recall: RC 0
A
' (P)
Recall: RC 0
Solution (contd):
Negligible RM
0 V
t
2P A
s
Compressible cake, ' ( P)
' 0
t
2P 1 s
V
A
Laboratory test:
P = 14.7 psi (a Buchner funnel attached to an aspirator)
A = (5 cm) 2 ;V = 100 cm3; t = 24 min; s = 2/3
4
' 0
24 min
2(14.7 psi) 1 / 3
100 cm 3
(5 cm) 2
4
Solution (contd):
' 0
t
2P 1 s
V
A
Pilot-plant operation:
V = 3000 L = 3 106 cm3
A = 15 2 3520 cm2 (Filtration occurs on both sides of the
frame.)
' 0 V
t
1 s
2 P A
4.53
3 10
1/ 3
2(50) 15 2 3520
Cake Formation
where
' 0 V
1 s
2P A
' 0 V f
or t f
1 s
2 P A
' 0 V f
tf
1 s
2 P A
Let tf = tc and A = AT
' 0 V f
t c
1 s
2P AT
Cake Washing
Two factors involved in the stage of cake washing:
(1) The fraction of soluble material remained after the wash
Governing the volume of wash liquid required.
(2) The rate of wash liquid passes through the cake
Controlling the fraction of cycle time for cake
washing.
Wash rate
1 dVw Vw
A dt
At w
' 0
2P 1 s
V
A
V 2( P ) t
A ' 0
1 s
or
1 dV
Wash rate
A dt
t t f
d V
dt A
( P )
Vw
At w 2 ' 0 t f
1/ 2
1 s
1/ 2
( P )
2 ' 0 t f
1/ 2
1 s
t t f
t t f
A useful expression:
Vw ( P )
Atw 2 ' 0t f
1/ 2
1 s
2 ( P )
and
At f ' 0t f
Vw 2 ' 0 t f
tw
A ( P )1 s
Vf
1/ 2
1/ 2
1 s
V f ' 0 t f
and t f
A 2( P )1 s
1/ 2
tw
Vw
Vw Vr
2
2
2nf
tf
Vf
Vr V f
tf
2P A
V
0 f
or A2
2t f P
(To be continued)
Solution (contd):
g
2 cp 0.02
cm - s
V f
g
g
cm
3
10
10
10
; 0
; 9 10
L
cm 3
g
10
cm 3
h
2000 10
(
15
s)
8333
cm
3600 s
h
P 70 kPa 70 10 3
N kg - m 1000 g
m
g
5
7
.
0
10
m 2 N - s 2 kg 100 cm
cm - s 2
V
(0.02)(9 1010 )(10 10 3 )(8333) 2
0 f
2
7
4
A
5
.
95
10
cm
2t f P
2(15)( 7.0 10 5 )
tc
60
0.7715
3.09 m 2
tf
15
0
t f t c
2P
Vf
A
T
(To be continued)
Solution (contd):
For incompressible cake,
0 V f
t f t c
2P AT
h
3
3
V f (15,000 L/h) (50 s)
208
208
10
cm
3600 s
tc = 50 s
AT = 37.2 m2 = 37.2 104 cm2
0
29 s/cm 2
2 P
0 V f
tf
2P AT
208 103
9 .1 s
29
4
37.2 10
(To be continued)
Solution (contd):
tw
2nf and r (1 ) n
tf
CENTRIFUGAL
FILTRATION
* A combination of a
centrifuge and a filter.
* Accumulated solids
can be washed.
dF r 2 dm ; dm (2rh)dr
dF = centrifugal force
dm = mass of liquid in the element
= angular velocity
= density of the liquid
h = height of the ring
dF 2h 2 r 2 dr and dP
dF
2 rdr
2rh
1
Integration P1 P2 P 2 (r22 r12 )
2
kP
P 1
or
v
P
1
0 v
0
Set
dP
0 v
dr
dP
0 v
dr
Q
The total volumetric flow rate, Q = (2 rh)v; or v
2rh
dP
Q
dr
2rh
R0
Q
Integration P 0
ln
Rc
2h
h 2 ( R02 R12 )
Q
0 ln( R0 / Rc )
h 2 ( R02 R12 )
Q
0 ln( R0 / Rc )
0V c ( R02 Rc2 )h
(2 Rc )
dt
0
dt
0 ln( R0 / Rc )
dt
2 c
Rc ln( R0 / Rc )
I. C.: t = 0, Rc = R0
dt
2 c
Rc ln( R0 / Rc )
I. C.: t = 0, Rc = R0
t
2 2 ( R02 R12 ) Rc
2
c
R0
1 2 ln
Rc
0 V
2 P A
R
R
R
c
c
0
0
Solution:
1 2 ln
t
2
2
2
2 ( R0 R1 ) Rc
Rc
Solution (contd):
0
t
2P
V
A
In the laboratory
test,
t = 32 min = 1920 s; 0 = 0.016 g/cm3
V = 250 cm3; A = 8.3 cm2
1.01 106 dyne/cm 2 g - cm/s 2
g
6
P 1 atm
1
.
01
10
dyne
atm
cm - s 2
(0.016 ) 250
1920
2(1.01 10 6 ) 8.3
Solution (contd):
Using centrifugal
filtration,
R
c R
0
t
2 2 ( R02 R12 ) Rc
2
c
R
1 2 ln 0
Rc
(
R
R
Mass balance for solids:
0
c
0
c )h
2
2
2
2(1.0)(55.47) (51 45.5 ) 49.3
51
1 2 ln
49.3
466 s
The End of
FILTRATION