Course: Environmental Rules, Law &

Regulations
Instructor: Dr. Nuzhat Khan

THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL

Signed

16th September 1987

Location Montreal (City in Quebec, Canada)

Signatories 46 Countries
Ratifier

197 Countries (All UN Members, Niue, The Cook Island, The Holy See & European

Union)

Depositary Secretary General of the United Nations

Developed under the management of the United Nations Environment Programme in
1987.
It was the first global agreements to protect the Earths atmosphere.
Pakistan Signed and Ratified the Protocol in 1992.
The Ozone cell was established in Pakistan under the Ministry of Environment in 1996
to oversee and ensure implementation of the Protocol.

SCOPE OF THE PROTOCOL

The Montreal Protocol is an international agreement adopted in
1987 to control the production and consumption of specific
man-made chemicals that destroy the ozone layer, the earths
protective shield.
An agreement /mechanism to reduce and eliminate the
production and consumption of ODS.
Developed and developing countries have different phase out
schedules.

OZONE LAYER
The ozone layer is a belt of naturally occurring ozone gas that sits
9.3 to 18.6 miles (15 to 30 kilometers) above Earth and serves as a
shield from the harmful ultraviolet B radiation emitted by the sun.
Ozone is a highly reactive molecule that contains three oxygen
atoms.
It is constantly being formed and broken down in the high
atmosphere, 6.2 to 31 miles (10 to 50 kilometers) above Earth, in
the region called the stratosphere.
Today, there is widespread concern that the ozone layer is
deteriorating due to the release of pollution containing the
chemicals chlorine and bromine.

OZONE DEPLETION
The ozone layer is destroyed by
ozone-depleting substances (ODS)
when those chemicals are released
into the atmosphere and then react
with the ozone molecules.
Elevated ultraviolet radiation
reaching the earth as a result of
ozone depletion can have major
impacts on life and nature,
including skin cancer and cataracts
and weakened immune systems.
It also can damage terrestrial plant
life, including crops, and aquatic
ecosystems.

WHAT ARE OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES

(ODS)
1. Chemicals that potentially deplete the ozone layer
2. Contain chlorine or bromine atoms
3. Have long atmospheric life
Examples:
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) e.g. CFC-12 (aka R-12 or F-12)
Halons (Bromochlorofluorocarbons) e.g. Halon 1301
Carbon tetrachloride CCl4
Methyl chloroform
Hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) e.g. HCFC-22 (aka R-22
or F-22)
Hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs)
Bromochloromethane
Methyl bromide

MAIN USES OF ODS

Refrigerants (gases)

Fire extinguishers
Fumigants, pesticides
Foam-blowing agents
Cleaning solvents
Aerosol propellants
Air-conditioning systems (and components)
Vehicles (mobile air-conditioning systems)
Insulating boards/pipe covers
Metered-dose inhalers (medical inhalers)

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND THE MONTREAL

PROTOCOL
Countries that were faced with special difficulties; such as
phase out, financial and technical support; with the Protocol
were known as
Article 5 countries.
Pakistan is one of the country out of 147 under the list of
Article 5 Countries.
Article 5 countries are countries that consume less than
0.3kg per capita, year of controlled substances in a certain
base year.
Article 5 countries were granted a 10 year period to
prepare for phase out which ended in 1999.

PHASING OUT ODS

Parties to the Montreal Protocol must freeze, reduce and
phase out their production and consumption of ODS according
to a specific step-wise schedule.
- Approaches:
Production Control
Consumption Control
Trade, Import, export and re-import control
Adapting to Ozone Friendly technology
Training and Capacity Building

PAKISTAN, MONTREAL PROTOCOL

Pakistan ratified Montreal Protocol in 1992 in Copenhagen

(DENMARK).

Pakistan is a Article-5 country as national average consumption of

ODS chemicals is within 300 grams per capita.

Pakistan has commonly used 10 of the 96 substances controlled

under the Montreal Protocol.

The chemicals used in solvent sector are:

Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC-113)

Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4 )

Methyl Chloroform (Trichloroethane, C2H3Cl3or CH3CCl3)

Hydro chlorofluorocarbon (HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b)

Pakistan does not produce any of these chemicals. However, these

chemicals are imported from different countries of the world.

HCFC CONSUMPTIONS

HCFC is used in manufacturing & servicing sector in

Pakistan

Manufacturing sector covers:

Air-conditioning & Refrigeration

Foam
Aerosols

ODS DATA AND THEIR APPLICATION IN PAKISTAN

CHEMICAL
GW
APPLICATION SECTOR ODP
NAME
P
CFC-11
Foam
1
460
0
CFC-12
Refrigeration
1
106
00
CFC-113
Metal Cleaning
0.8 600
0
Metal Cleaning &
1.1 180
CCl4
Process Agent
0
Trichloroeth
Metal Cleaning
0.1 140
ane
HCFC 141b Blowing agent in Foam 0.11 700
HCFC 142b Blowing agent in Foam 0.065 240

MONITORING AND IMPLEMENTING STRATEGIES

National Ozone Cell of Pakistan is responsible for
monitoring & supervision of implementation of the country
program. Recognizing the importance of the program and
countrys commitment, it initiated an aggressive program
to provide technical assistance, create regulatory
framework, conduct training and other measures including:

Technical Assistance
Fiscal & Regulatory Measures
Training
Public Awareness
Monitoring

FUTURE CHALLENGES FOR PAKISTAN

Establish realistic baseline for HCFC giving due consideration to the
present economic recession and energy crisis in the country.
Availability of adequate funds to meet the required operating
incremental costs.
Soft eligibility criteria related to the post 1995 facilities and second
conversions.
Funds availability under umbrella project for very low consumers of
HCFC especially in serving sector
Availability of alternatives for economic adoption under all potential
situation with minimum impact on environment, climate, energy,
health & safety.

CONCLUSION
The Montreal Protocol is working. There is clear evidence of a
decrease in the atmospheric burden of ozone-depleting substances
in the lower atmosphere.
Some early signs of the expected stratospheric ozone recovery are
also evident.
Failure to continue to comply with the Montreal Protocol could delay
or even prevent the recovery of the ozone layer.
Multiple factors, including ozone-depleting substances and climate
change, will affect the future state of the ozone layer.
Every Action Counts.
It provide Dual Protection to Ozone layer and Climate Change.

THANK YOU !!
Dont let the future go up
in smoke. SAVE THE
OZONE.