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Thermal physics
Temperature
TEMPERATURE determines
the direction of flow of thermal
energy between two bodies in
thermal contact
HOT
COLD
Temperature
Temperature is also a measure of the
average random kinetic energy of the
particles in a substance.
Thermal equilibrium
Two bodies in thermal contact
will eventually reach the same
temperature. The two bodies
are now said to be in thermal
equilibrium.
WARM
WARM
Kelvin Temperature
Kelvin temperature is proportional to the
average random kinetic energy of the
particles in a substance.
Measuring temperature
The thermometer has to be placed in
thermal contact with whatever is being
measured until the thermometer and object
are in thermal equilibrium.
Well measure
0C
100
some temperatures
in a moment
So what is heat?
Heat is the amount of thermal energy. For
example, the sparks from a sparkler are at
around 800C but do not burn your skin.
However, a hot cup of tea at around 100C
will burn your hand badly. This is because the
tea contains more heat energy, even though
it is cooler.
Internal Energy
This is the sum of the kinetic energies and
potential energies of the particles in a
substance
Heat transfer
Conduction, convection and radiation.
Im not going to say anything about
these, you should know it already.
Can you construct a heat transfer
mind-map?
Colours
Few words
Connections
Drawings
Pages 108 to 113 IGCSE Physics
Moles!
Moles!
It follows therefore that 7g of lithium
(atomic mass 7), 20g neon (atomic mass
20) or 39 g potassium (atomic mass 39)
all contain the same number of atoms (1
mole or 6.02 x 1023 atoms)
Moles!
The number of moles of a substance can
thus be found by dividing the mass of
substance by its relative atomic or
molecular mass
n = mass/RAM
Example
How many moles of sulphur atoms are
there in 80g of sulphur? How many grams
of carbon would have the same number of
atoms?
Example
How many moles of sulphur atoms are
there in 80g of sulphur? How many grams
of carbon would have the same number of
atoms?
N = mass/RAM = 80/32 = 2.5 moles
Example
How many moles of sulphur atoms are
there in 80g of sulphur? How many grams
of carbon would have the same number of
atoms?
N = mass/RAM = 80/32 = 2.5 moles
Mass of carbon = RAM x n = 12 x 2.5 = 30 g
Heat Capacity
The relationship between the amount of
heat energy a substance requires to raise
its temperature by a given amount is
called its thermal capacity. It is
measured in J.C-1 or J.K-1.
Definition to learn
Thermal capacity is the amount of energy
needed to raise the temperature of a
substance by 1K.
J.C-1
E = QT
k
g
J.kg-1.C-1
Q = mcT
For example
500 g of olive oil is heated until its temperature rises by
120C. If the specific heat capacity of olive oil is 1970
J.kg-1.C-1, how much heat energy was used?
Energy absorbed = Mass x Specific Heat capacity x Temp rise
Energy absorbed = 0.5 x 1970 x 120
Energy absorbed = 118200 J
Melting?
Changes in kinetic energy and potential
energy?
Evaporation?
Changes in kinetic energy and potential
energy?
Condensing?
Changes in kinetic energy and potential
energy?
Freezing?
Changes in kinetic energy and potential
energy?
Evaporation
Consider a beaker of water at room
temperature
Evaporation
The molecules of water are moving
around at different speeds, some fast,
some slow.
# of molecules at
a particular speed
Average
speed
speed of
molecule (m/s)
Evaporation
If a molecule is at the surface, and moving
fast enough, it may escape the liquid. This
is called evaporation.
Freedom!
Evaporation
Since the average speed of the remaining molecules
must now be lower, the temperature of the liquid drops
(since temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of
the molecules).
Freedom!
Evaporation
Evaporation can thus take place at any
temperature.
Boiling
The bubble
contains only
water vapour,
not air!
To summarize:
Evaporation takes place only at the
surface of the liquid and can take place at
any temperature.
To summarize:
Boiling
means
bubbles!
Boiling occurs
when vapour is
produced in the
body of the
liquid. This only
happens at the
boiling point of
the liquid.
Latent heat
Latent heat
In last years experiment, you will have noticed that the
temperature of the salol stopped changing as the salol
changed from a liquid to a solid.
Temp
(C)
Melting point
Time (mins)
Latent heat
When the molecules of a substance settle
into the regular pattern of a solid, energy
is released as bonds are formed. This
energy released is called latent heat. This
stops the temperature from falling.
(latent = hidden)
Latent heat
The opposite happens when a solid makes. Heat
is needed to break the bonds between the solid
particles (increasing their potential energy
instead of raising the temperature (kinetic
energy))
liquid
Temp
(C)
Melting point
solid
Time (mins)
All at 0C
1 kg
1 kg
334000 J absorbed
1 kg
1 kg
334000 J released
All at 0C
All at 100C
1 kg
2260000 J input
1 kg
Latent heat
Conversely, when 1 kg of steam at 100 C
condenses to give 1 kg of water at 100 C,
2260 kJ of heat will be released to the
surroundings.
All at 100C
1 kg
1 kg
2260000 J released
Another formula!
Energy = mass x specific latent
heat
Q = mL
An example calculation
Calculate the amount of heat required to completely
convert 50 g of ice at 0 C to steam at 100 C. The
specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 kJ.kg-1.C-1. The
specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 334 kJ.kg-1, and the
specific heat of vaporization of water is 2260 kJ.kg-1.
50g
50g
0C
100C
An example calculation
Heat is taken up in three stages:
1. The melting of the ice.
0C
0C
0C
100C
Stage 1
1. Heat taken up for converting ice
at 0C to water at 0C
0C
0C
Stage 2
2. Heat taken up heating the water
100C
Stage 3
3. Heat taken up vaporising the
water
100C
100C
The answer
The sum of these is
16.7 + 20.9 + 113
= 150.6 kJ (151 kJ)
Pressure A reminder
Pressure is defined as the normal
(perpendiculr) force per unit area
P = F/A
It is measured in Pascals, Pa (N.m -2)
Pressure A reminder
Collisions of the gas particles with the side
of a container give rise to a force, which
averaged of billions of collisions per
second macroscopically is measured as
the pressure of the gas
Change of
momentum