Chapter 4

Biocatalysis

Chapter review
biocatalysis

Enzyme
classification

Properties
inhibition
cofactor
and
s
mechanisms
- Types
reversibl irreversibl
Propertie Mechanism
of
e
s of
of
cofactors
e
enzyme
activation
competitiv
energy
None
! Activation
competitiv
models
energy
e
2
hypothesis
Lock
Induce
and
fit
key

Part I

properties of enzymes and

mechanisms of action

At the end of this lesson, students

should be able to :
Explain
properties of enzymes and mechanism
of actions
#mechanism of enzyme action
#hypothesis related to its mechanism

What is an enzyme?
-

a globular protein
molecule

- act as an organic catalyst

- increase the speed of
chemical reaction
- by lowering activation
energy
- Without affected by the
reaction

 Catalyst - chemical agent that changes

the rate of a reaction without being
consumed by the reaction.
Enzyme is a biocatalyst.
Substrate - reactant which binds to an
enzyme

properties of enzyme

1. Properties of
enzymes
All are globular
protein
organic catalysts

Properties of enzymes
highly specific for a particular
substrate
Very efficient.

Properties of enzymes
Speed up metabolic
reactions by
lowering energy
barriers
Enzyme lower the
activation energy by
bringing the
substrates into
contact with one
another.

Properties of enzymes
Enzyme possess active sites where
the reaction takes place.
Does not altered at the end of the
reaction
Need only in a small amount
Not being consumed by the reaction
The catalyzed reaction is reversible

Properties of enzymes
Their activity is affected by pH,
temperature, substrate concentration
and enzyme concentration.
The rate of enzyme reaction is
measured by the amount of substrate
changed or product formed during a
period of time

1. All are globular protein

2. They are catalysts

Major
Properties
of Enzyme

3. They are highly specific

4. Enzyme lower the activation energy

5. They are very efficient. Very small amount of catalysts

brings about the change of large amount of substrates

a) Mechanism of
enzyme action
! Activation energy
! Models :
- Lock and key
- Induce fit

Enzyme structure and function

Enzymes are complex

three dimensional
globular proteins
Some of enzyme have
other associates
molecules
normally larger than
the substrate molecule

 An enzyme forms a complex with its

substrate as follows:
E +
E +
enzyme

S
P
substrate
product

ES

enzyme-substrate complex

Enzyme structure and

function
Only small part of
enzyme molecule comes
into contact with
substrate called active
site.

substrate

Active site:

The region of the enzyme molecule which

combines with the substrate

Enzyme structure: Active site

catalytic amino acids - Make up
active site
Active site hold two or more
reactants in the proper position
so they may react.

Fig.6.15

Enzymes and activation energy

Activation energy- Extra
energy required to disrupt
existing chemical bond &
initiate a chemical reaction
Before a reaction can takes
place it must by exceeding
its activation energy.
Enzymes operate by
lowering this activation
energy and thus permit the
reaction to occur more
readily.

Enzymes and activation energy

Reactions that cannot occur at
certain temperature can occur in
the presence of enzyme
Heat is often the source of
activation energy, enzymes often
dispense with the need for this
heat and so allow reaction to
take place at lower
temperatures.

Mechanisms of enzyme
action

1. Lock and key hypothesis

2. Induce fit model

i. Lock and Key

Hypothesis
Only substrate that can fit into
the active site of the enzyme can
combine with enzyme
form a temporary structure
called the
enzyme-substrate complex

i. Lock and Key

Hypothesis

substrate fits accurately into the active

site of an enzyme molecule like a key
fits into a lock
Key substrate
Lock enzyme

Catalytic action convert substrate to

product - different shape
- product released from the active site
- leaving enzyme free

i. Lock and Key Model

i. Lock and Key Model

Enzymatic reaction
When enzyme substrate complex is
formed.
-Some bonds are broken within the
substrate.
-The shape of the substrate molecule
changed

ANIMATION

ii. Induced Fit Model

Modern interpretations of the lock and key
mechanism
suggest that in the presence of the substrate
the active site may change in order to suit
the substrates shape.
Bind
Induces
changes

ii. Induce Fit Model

Induced fit = change in the shape
of an enzymes active site, which is
induced by the substrate.
The enzyme changes shape leading
to a tighter induced fit, bringing
chemical groups in position to
catalyze the reaction.

ii. Induce Fit Model

The hypothesis suggested that the active site

is flexible / not exactly complementary to
the shape of the substrate

An enzyme in contact / collides with the

substrate molecule

The substrate binds to active site

To form enzyme-substrate complex

The binding induces a slight change in a

shape of the enzyme

ii. Induce Fit Model

Allowing the substrate fit to the enzyme

precisely

The active site becomes fully complementary

with the substrate

Enables the enzymes to carry out their

catalytic function

Product is formed and enzymes changes

back to original conformation.

ii. Induce Fit Model

Enzyme changes shape of active site so
substrate fits perfectly. This allows some
enzymes to catalyze several different
reactions.

ii. Induce Fit Model

The enzyme initially has

a binding configuration
which attracts the
substrate.

On binding to the
enzyme, the substrate
disturbs the shape of the
enzyme and causes it to
assume a new
configuration.

ANIMATION

Reflection
It is important to
have aims
in our life...
What is your
aim?

Thats all for today

Thank you