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This Power point slide presentation supports M3U7L9.

It is divided into two parts as follows:
Part A Fertilization and Implantation
Part B Pregnancy and Birth

Integrated Science,
Module 3 Unit 7 Lesson 9,
Part A And B

FERTILIZATION AND
IMPLANTATION

BEGIN

Module 3 Unit 7 Lesson 9, Part A

Integrated Science

FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION

INTRODUCT
ION

OBJECTIVES
How is an
egg
Fertilized?
Implantatio
n

QUICK QUIZ

Get your mind thinking by doing this

QUICK QUIZ from
http://www.neok12.com/vocabulary/Repro
ductive-System-02.htm
You will be using these names of the
female reproductive system throughout
this slide presentation so its good to
make sure you remember each one.
Click, watch and recall the passage of
the egg from ovulation at
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/ovul
ation/MM00108

FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION

INTRODUCT
ION

OBJECTIVES
How is an
egg
Fertilized?
Implantatio
n

When you complete this slide

presentation, you should be able to:
define fertilization and implantation.
distinguish between a zygote, an
embryo and a foetus.
recognize the importance of fertilization
in sexual reproduction.

QUICK QUIZ

FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION

INTRODUCT
ION

OBJECTIVES

How is an
egg
Fertilized?
Implantatio
n

QUICK QUIZ

Before fertilization, there is normally sexual arousal

and copulation, during which, the penis becomes
erect and this erection enables its insertion into the
vagina.

Stimulation from rhythmic

movements during sexual
intercourse causes
ejaculation. This
releases millions of
sperm into the vagina.
Sperm swim up through the
cervix and into the uterus;
30 minutes later, sperm
enter the oviducts. In the
upper third of one oviduct,
sperm meet and encircle
the egg.

FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION

INTRODUCT
ION

OBJECTIVES
How is an
egg
Fertilized?

Implantatio
n

QUICK QUIZ

One sperm fuses with the egg surface. The egg

completes the second division of meiosis.
Both haploid egg and sperm nuclei fuse.
Entry of one sperm prevents others entering,
because changes occur in the membrane that
keep out any other sperm.
A zygote is formed from fertilization. The sex of
the person is determined from this early
stage, depending on whether the sperm that
fertilized the egg had an X or a Y
chromosome in its set of 23 chromosomes.
Click and watch the video of fertilization >

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/scien
ce/edexcel_pre_2011/genes/reproductionandclonin
grev1.shtml
Make sure you can define fertilization correctly.

FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION

INTRODUCT
ION

OBJECTIVES
How is an
egg
Fertilized?
Implantatio
n

QUICK QUIZ

Fertilization serves the following purposes:

1. It enables transmission of genes from
both parents to a new organism, thus
increasing the chances of survival of the
species in times of adversity.
2. It enables restoration of the diploid
number of chromosomes that had been
reduced during meiosis when gametes
were being formed. It initiates the
development of offspring
Reference source:
http://bookmark.sunfinedata.com/www-content/book/eb
ooks/online%20biology/BioBookREPROD.html
8

FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION

INTRODUCT
ION

OBJECTIVES
How is an
egg
Fertilized?
Implantatio
n

QUICK QUIZ

Arent twins cute? So, how do we get twins?

1. Sometimes more that one egg matures and ovulates
at the same time and both/all may be fertilized
separately. This can result in fraternal twins or in
multiples who can be either same sex or different-sex
children. These are non-identical twins or multiples.
2. When the zygote first divides, the halves can
separate and each develops into an embryo. This
results in identical, same sex twins. Why are they
identical and same sex?
Feedback: Both persons
are formed from a single
fertilized egg which
becomes the 1-cell
zygote. It is the zygote
that divides twins!
9

FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION

INTRODUCT
ION

OBJECTIVES
How is an
egg
Fertilized?
Implantatio
n

QUICK QUIZ

This zygote divides by mitosis and grows into a

hollow ball of cells, then into an embryo. It is
called an embryo up to about six weeks after
conception
2
As it divides, the ball of cells moves down
the oviduct/Fallopian tube into the uterus.
The embryo becomes embedded in
the thick, soft layer of tissues that is
the endometrial layer of the uterus
wall.

THIS IS IMPLANTATION.

10

FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION

INTRODUCT
ION

OBJECTIVES

1. What is the chromosome number of the zygote?

Pollination is

How is an
egg
Fertilized?
Implantatio
n

Feedback: Yes! The zygote is diploid.

QUICK QUIZ
NEXT QUESTION

11

FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION

INTRODUCT
ION

OBJECTIVES
How is an
egg
Fertilized?
Implantatio
n

2.

Do you remember what caused thickening of

the endometrial wall with blood?
Answer:

Feedback: The endometrial wall is thickened

with blood due to the action of the hormone
oestrogen secreted as the follicle developed.
Another hormone, progesterone from the
corpus luteum, is also responsible.

QUICK QUIZ
NEXT QUESTION

12

FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION

INTRODUCT
ION

OBJECTIVES

3.

What is the chromosome number of each

embryonic body/somatic cell in humans?
Answer:

How is an
egg
Fertilized?
Implantatio
n

Feedback: Each has the diploid number

or 23 pairs.

QUICK QUIZ
NEXT QUESTION

13

FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION

INTRODUCT
ION

OBJECTIVES
How is an
egg
Fertilized?

Read each statement. Click T if the

statement is True and F if False.
1.Fertilization occurs in the upper
part of the Fallopian tube.
2.A

fertilized egg is called an

embryo.

Implantatio
n

wall of the uterus thickens

before fertilization to accommodate
an embryo.

QUICK QUIZ

4.Normally,

14

3.The

only 1 sperm can

fertilize an egg.
MORE FEEDBACK

14

FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION

INTRODUCT
ION

OBJECTIVES
How is an
egg
Fertilized?

1.

Fertilization occurs in the upper part of the

Fallopian tube. True - Fertilization occurs in
the upper 1/3 of Fallopian tube

2.

A fertilized egg is called an embryo. False A fertilized egg is called a zygote NOT an
embryo.

3.

The wall of the uterus thickens before

fertilization to accommodate an embryo. True
Yes, every month, to prepare for a possible
fertilization, the inner layer or endometrium
of the uterus thickens and develops additional
blood supply.

4.

Normally, only 1 sperm can fertilize an egg.

True -Only 1 sperm can fertilize an egg

Implantatio
n

QUICK QUIZ

15

NEXT QUESTION

15

FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION

INTRODUCT
ION

OBJECTIVES
How is an
egg
Fertilized?
Implantatio
n

QUICK QUIZ

16

Read each statement. Click T if the

statement is True and F if False.
5.A zygote normally has the
haploid set of chromosomes.
6.Identical twins result if two
sperms fertilize the same egg.
7.After an egg is ovulated, it is
implanted then passed out in
menstruation if it is not fertilized.
8.It is the chromosome from the
sperm that determines the sex of
the human offspring.

MORE FEEDBACK

16

FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION

INTRODUCT
ION

5.

OBJECTIVES

6.

How is an
egg
Fertilized?
Implantatio
n

QUICK QUIZ

17

7.

8.

A zygote normally has the haploid set of chromosomes. False a sperm

and an egg each have the haploid number of chromosomes because
they are formed during meiosis or reduction division, so when they fuse
the diploid number of chromosomes is restored in the zygote.
Identical twins result if two sperms fertilize the same egg. False - Some
kind of mutation would most likely result if, by chance, two sperms were
able to fertilize the same egg. Normally, a membrane forms
immediately around the egg once a sperm nucleus enters it for
fertilization, and this membrane prevents the entry of other sperms, so
this is very unlikely to happen.
After an egg is ovulated, it is implanted then passed out in menstruation
if it is not fertilized. False The usual sequence is: Ovulation
Fertilization Implantation OR, it could be: Ovulation No Fertilization
Menstruation.
It is the chromosome from the sperm that determines the sex of the
human offspring.
True A male has XY chromosomes. Each sperm
contains either an X chromosome or a Y chromosome. Every egg
contains an X chromosome. So, to get a male, the Y chromosome
sperm must be the one to fertilize the X-chromosome egg to give the
XY zygote male human.

NEXT QUESTION

17

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

BEGIN
Integrated Science,
Module 3 Unit 7 Lesson 9 , Part B

Module 3 Unit 7 Lesson 9, Part B

Integrated Science

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

QUICK QUIZ

1. Click and watch this video from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgif4TRqqQ&feature=related
2. Did you hear some of the symptoms that this
woman is experiencing? Her period is already six
days late, shes feeling nauseated, tired and
mean? From all of these, she suspects that she
is pregnant.
3. If her test is positive, what changes can she
expect to occur in her body? And, when its
time, will she go through labour all right? Will she
have a normal healthy baby? Lets see what
happens.
19

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

When you finish this slide presentation,

you should be able to:
describe how the females body changes
during pregnancy and birth.
outline the development of a foetus up to
birth.
state the functions of the placenta.
list the stages of birth

After birth

QUICK QUIZ
20

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

1. Pregnancy
INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

QUICK QUIZ

What is pregnancy? Many doctors will say

that pregnancy starts at conception when
sperm fertilizes egg. Some say it starts at
implantation of the foetus.
The period of gestation or pregnancy is the
term used to describe the typically 40 weeks
when a woman actually has one foetus, or
more, growing and developing inside of her
uterus. It ends with labour and childbirth.
Ovulation, fertilization and implantation are
all a part of the preliminary pregnancy
process! Click link below and watch from
0.18s:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvw
p&v=HU5F30JS8U4&NR=1
21

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

1. Pregnancy Signs of Pregnancy

INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

QUICK QUIZ

I know you have been

associated with pregnant
persons.
1.Can you think of some of the
signs that show that a woman
is pregnant?
Perhaps you thought of
swelling of feet, nose and face,
looking fat abdomen getting
larger. What else happens?
2.Watch the video at the link
-http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?
v=3njWm2skG2U&feature=rel
mfu
22

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

1. Pregnancy
Feedback to Question 1.1
INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Some of the signs that show that a woman is

pregnant?
There may be
lethargy or
tiredness.

The periods
cease until after
the baby is born.

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

QUICK QUIZ
23

Nausea and
vomiting may occur,
due to the increase
in progesterone
levels. They are
among the first
Breasts feel
changes
that
occur
There may be
tender and they
in
pregnancy.
increased
and abdomen
irritability, mood
begin to enlarge.
swings and food
cravings or food
rejections.

23

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

1. Pregnancy - The Trimesters

INTRODUCTI
ON

OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy

Pregnancy is divided into stages, each a called

trimester.
The first trimester is officially from the first day
of the last menstrual period of the mother till the
end of the 12th week of clinical pregnancy. The
second trimester is from the 13th till the 28th
week; and the 3rd trimester lasts from the 29th
week till the birth of the baby.

Birth

After birth

QUICK QUIZ
24

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

1. Pregnancy The Trimesters

INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

1st Trimester = 1st 12 weeks

The heart develops first.
The neural tube develops.
All body systems appear by Week 8 Now a Fetus
2nd Trimester = up to 24 weeks
Most growth of the foetus occurs during this trimester.
The foetus starts to look more like a baby, less like
tadpole.
If born at this stage, a premature baby could survive.
3rd Trimester = Up to 40 weeks
Tremendous amount of growth of the foetus1
The foetus is active e.g. kicking, stretching limbs,
turning.
The eyes will open and close from about Week 32.
The lungs mature so they can function at birth.
The foetus gets ready for birth by turning its head down.

QUICK QUIZ
25

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

1. Pregnancy
INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Click to open link and watch the start of pregnancy then answer
the questions: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QHLG-Ari9NA
1. When does the developing human become a foetus?

Pregnancy

Feedback to Question 1: At about the second month.

Changes
during
Pregnancy

2.When do muscular movements begin in the developing

human?

Birth

After birth

CHECK

Feedback to Question 2: By the fourth month.

CHECK

3.What structure develops early after implantation to assist

with nutrition and exchange of gases and waste?

QUICK QUIZ

Feedback to Question 3: The placenta.

CHECK
26

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

2. Changes during Pregnancy

Hormone secretion
INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

QUICK QUIZ

1. What causes changes during pregnancy?

Hormones and in particular, the

Answer 1
pregnancy hormone which is
progesterone.
2. Where does the progesterone
come from?
You perhaps remember that the corpus
luteum secretes progesterone? However,
the majority of the progesterone secreted
Answer 2
during pregnancy
is not triggered by the
corpus luteum. In the video you heard
that it is done by the placenta.
Let's find out what is the placenta

27

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

2. Changes during Pregnancy The Placenta

INTRODUCTI
Question
2.1

After
implantation, some of the dividing cells form
ON
ON

OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

fingerlike projections that dig into the

endometrium of the uterine wall.
These fingerlike projections along with the
mothers tissue that surrounds them form the
placenta.
The placenta performs several roles including an
endocrine one; it secretes progesterone.
Question 2.1 Describe some of its other functions.

After birth

QUICK QUIZ

CHECK

28

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

2. Changes during Pregnancy The Placenta Feedback to

INTRODUCTI
Question
2.1
Feedback
to Question: Describe some of the placentas
ON
ON

OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

other functions
The umbilical cord, which contains blood vessels,
extends from the placenta and attaches the foetus to
the placenta.
The placenta facilitates the exchange of materials
between the mother and foetus via the umbilical cord,
e.g. nutrients and oxygen diffuse from the mother to
the foetus; carbon dioxide and other waste from the
foetus diffuse in the opposite direction.
The placenta is also a barrier to some pathogens and
harmful materials.

QUICK QUIZ
29

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

2. Changes during Pregnancy

Question 2.2
INTRODUCTI
ON

2. Suggest the importance of the changes that occur

during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

QUICK QUIZ

Feedback:

The breasts enlarge as the mammary glands expand to facilitate milk

production.

The uterine wall actually grows new cells so that it can expand to hold the
foetus.

The high levels of progesterone inhibit the production of FSH and LH and this
ensures that no more eggs are ovulated from the ovaries, so the menses stop
temporarily during pregnancy.

The placenta continues to support the foetus throughout gestation (the nine
months of pregnancy).
CHECK

The abdomen expands to facilitate

the growth of the foetus. (See next slide)

30

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

2. Changes during Pregnancy

INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

QUICK QUIZ

The red lines show the changes in a womans

uterus and abdomen size to accommodate the
growing foetus.
Question 2.3: What effect do you think this
Position of
enlargening foetus has on her ability to eat a
large meal or on the frequency of passing urine? stomach

Feedback to Question:
As the foetus grows and takes up more
and more space, it pushes upwards against
her stomach see line 9 right up where her
stomach would be. This prevents her from
being able to eat a large amount of food at
one time. So, she must eat several much
smaller meals across the day.
As the foetus pushes against her bladder,
CHECK
it causes her to have
to empty it more
frequently, so she will urinate much more
frequently than before.

Bladder

31

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

Career Focus
INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

QUICK QUIZ

Read about the work of an obstetrician.

An obstetrician is a medical doctor who specializes in
the care of pregnant women from the time of
conception through to childbirth and the immediate
postnatal period. Obstetricians have surgical skills,
which enable them to perform caesareans when
required. They also have special skills that allow them
to perform diagnostic and screening tests. Some
obstetricians do further training to become specialists
in specific areas, such as high-risk pregnancies or
infertility. Most obstetricians are also gynaecologists.
In Jamaica, we generally speak of these latter persons
as O and G doctors, but in many countries, these
physicians are commonly referred to as OB/GYNs.
32

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

2. Changes during Pregnancy

How the foetus changes
INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

Click and watch the changes to the foetus

in the second and third trimesters at the
sites below:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=DOPQYRPRk8s&feature=relmfu
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=KJiYBryprcE&feature=relmfu

After birth

QUICK QUIZ
33

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

3. BirthPregnancy or gestation

INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

normally ends
with labour and then birth.
Click and watch this animation from http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=duPxBXN4qMg&feature=relmfu
Have you ever wondered what causes a
woman to go into labour? Hormones
again! Yes, the onset of labour and birth
is controlled by yet another hormone.

QUICK QUIZ
34

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

3. Birth
INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

QUICK QUIZ

When the foetus is large and it becomes

uncomfortable to remain in such a small
space (usually at about 40 weeks), the
foetus pushes against the uterus, so,
stretch receptors in the uterine wall start
to send signals to the pituitary gland in
the brain.
The pituitary stimulates the secretion of
the hormone oxytocin.
The hormone stimulates the muscles of
the uterus to contract even further.
35

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

3. Birth
INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

So, the stimulus is enhanced and the

receptors in the distorted uterus continue
to send signals to the brain, and it
continues to stimulate the secretion of
even more oxytocin.
This positive feedback loop is what
sustains contractions during labour.
Remember --- a positive feedback is
when the response enhances the original
stimulus.

QUICK QUIZ
36

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

3. Birth
A positive feedback loop
INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Remind yourself by clicking and following the

sequence of events at
http://radiantbeginnings.net/2012/05/03/positivefeedback-system-in-labour/

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

QUICK QUIZ
37

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

3. Birth The stages

INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

QUICK QUIZ

A woman knows her bundle of joy is about

to come into the world when uterine
contractions start, the amniotic sac or the
water-bag bursts and the amniotic fluid
runs out as the show of water.
Click and watch this from >
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
NR=1&v=u9xfu1qOJzs&feature=endscreen
Question 1. List the stages of birth in the
box below and then click the next button
for feedback.
38

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

Feedback to Question 1
List the stages of birth.
INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

QUICK QUIZ

The following occur as birth takes place:

Contractions of the uterus begin and
dilation of the cervix and birth canal
follows.
Amniotic sac breaks and fluid runs out
and the baby is delivered normally, head
first., with its umbilical cord which is then
tied/clamped and cut.
Expulsion of placenta or afterbirth.
The diagrams on the next slide
summarize the stages of birth.
39

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

3. Birth The stages

INTRODUCTI
ON

These illustrations summarize the Stages of

Birth .

OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

QUICK QUIZ
40

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

3. Birth Delivery cuts

INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

Sometimes the mother is given a cut in

the perineum to prevent tearing, as a
surgical cut will heal better than jaggedly
torn flesh.
If there is a problem with normal, vaginal
delivery, the mothers abdomen is cut and
the baby taken out. This is a caesarian
section commonly called a C-section.
Read more at the following link:
http://www.babycenter.com/2_live-birth-csection-surgery_3656510.bc

QUICK QUIZ
41

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

3. Birth The cry of life!

INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

QUICK QUIZ

Click and watch this >

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AqG_DMSyws&feature=related
You think that something must be wrong with
this baby why hes crying, dont you? Well, No!
Nothings wrong. Thats a cry of life!
That cry tells the harassed mother, anxious
father and expectant family and the delivery
team that a new life has come into this world.
A baby must cry as soon as s/he is born to take
air into the lungs and start to breath on its own.
So, as is the norm, this baby is celebrating life
with its first cry!
42

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

3. Birth - Summary
INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

Click to watch the animation which

summarizes the content covered in this slide
set - http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=qhrZj2RuNgQ&feature=related
NOTE: You can read about various topics at http://bookmark.sunfinedata.com/wwwcontent/book/ebooks/online
%20biology/BioBookREPROD.html
If every thing has gone well ovulation,
fertilization, implantation, pregnancy and
birth - check the next slide to see the result!

QUICK QUIZ
43

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

3. Birth New-born Baby Caleb

INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

QUICK QUIZ

Heres the kind of

prize that parents get
for all that waiting for
nine long months!
This is new-born
Baby Caleb!! He
weighed over 8 lbs
when he was
delivered -- normal
and healthy at birth.
2012, Christopher Edwards,

44

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

4. After birth
INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

After the baby is delivered, the placenta

is useless, so, it also is expelled by
uterine contractions. If not, it can cause
complications that can lead to death of
the mother.
The baby is given a vitamin K injection
immediately after birth to help with blood
clotting.
The baby can be sent home once the first
stool, meconium, is passed

QUICK QUIZ
45

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

4. After birth
INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy

Oxytocin causes milk to be secreted from

the breasts especially under stimulation
from sucking by the baby.
The vagina and uterus gradually
contract.
The menstrual cycle will start again later.

Birth

After birth

QUICK QUIZ
46

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

Menopause
INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

After birth

QUICK QUIZ

Menopause occurs as the ovaries stop

producing estrogen, causing the reproductive
system to gradually shut down. As the body
adapts to the changing levels of natural
hormones, vasomotor symptoms such as hot
flashes and palpitations, psychological symptoms
such as increased depression, anxiety, irritability,
mood swings and lack of concentration, and
atrophic symptoms such as vaginal dryness and
urgency of urination appear. Together with these
symptoms, the woman may also have
increasingly scanty and erratic menstrual periods.
Technically, menopause refers to the cessation of
menses; whereas the gradual process through
which this occurs, which typically takes a year but
may last as little as six months or more than five
years.
47

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

QUICK QUIZ
INTRODUCTI
ON
OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

Try these Quizzes online!

http://sensiblescience.com/quizzes/femal
e-reproductive-system.html
http://www.funtrivia.com/newflash/trivia.c
fm?qid=264854
http://www.funtrivia.com/newflash/trivia.c
fm?qid=142336

After birth

QUICK QUIZ
48

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

End of Activity
INTRODUCTI
ON

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OBJECTIVES

Pregnancy
Changes
during
Pregnancy
Birth

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After birth

QUICK QUIZ
49

49