Chapter 14.

Chemical Equilibrium
Basic Skills:
Students should be able:
To explain the dynamic nature of equilibrium.
To be able to write the equilibrium constant expression for a
given equilibrium.
To explain the connection between an equilibrium and the
rates of the forward and reverse reaction.
To calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction reversed,
multiplied, etc., given the equilibrium constant for a reaction
To determine the equilibrium constant for a reaction that is
some combination of these reactions, given the equilibrium
constant for two or morereactions,.

Chapter 14. Chemical Equilibrium

(contd.)
To calculate Kp from Kc and vice versa.
To be able to work with heterogeneous equilibria, including
knowing how liquids and solids are treated in equilibrium
constant expressions.
To know what the reaction quotient is and how it is used to
predict the direction a reaction must shift to achieve
equilibrium.
To use LeChtelier's Principle to be able to predict shifts in
equilibria for various disturbances.
To calculate equilibrium quantities from Kp and Kc values,
and determine the value of equilibrium constants from
experimental data.
Homework: 11, 13, 15, 17, 22, 33, 43, 51, 58, 64, 70, 77, 84, 90

 Please use the other website for the notes

on this chapter

Reactants, products, and

equilibrium Ammonia Synthesis

14.1 Characteristics of Chemical

Equilibrium ( Chem. Eq.)
Chemical Equilibrium finite concentrations of
reactants and products and they remain constant
Products predominate- product-favored
When mostly reactants reactant-favored

[Etymology- equi = eqal (equal forward and reverse

rates, not equal quantities or concentrations)
librium comes from libra = balance]
Chem. Eq. An equal balance between two reaction
rates

Approach to Equilibrium ( The

Equilibrium Constant)

The Equilibrium Constant ( p-638)

k forward/ k reverse = [trans-2-butene]/ [cis-2-butene]
Kc = k forward/ k reverse = 1.65 ( at 500 K)
Kc = 1.47 at 600 K and 1.36 at 700 K

For a reaction at a given temperature, the

quotient of equilibrium concentrations of
reactant and product has a constant value and is
called equilibrium constant, Kc .
The mathematical expression is called an
equilibrium constant expression.

Equilibrium Constant Expressions

The concentration of gases and of solutes in dilute
solutions appear in the eq. constant expression as they
only can change as a reaction occurs.
Concentrations of pure solids, pure liquids and solvents in
dilute solutions do not appear in equilibrium constant
expressions.
N 2 (g) + O2 (g)
2NO (g)

Equilibria involving pure Liquids and Solids (p-639)

Number of molecules /unit volume is fixed

Equilibria in Dilute Solutions (p-640)

Customary to omit the units

Eq. Constant Expressions ( p-641)

The eq. constant for a reaction and that for its
reverse are the reciprocals of one another.
Eq. constant for a reaction that combines two
or more other reactions ( p-642)
Kc3 = K c1 x Kc2

Eq. constant in terms of pressure

Kp = K c (RT) n

Formation of NO2 from N2O4

P-647