Generator Connection

Studies and Grid Code

Compliance
Assessment
Dr Ferry A Viawan
Senior Power Systems Consultant
Jacobs, Australia

SENKA 2015

FV 20/05/2015

Bandung, 20 Agustus 201

About the presenter

MSc
Dr Ferry A Viawan
Electrical
Engineeri
ng

PROFESSIONAL
EXPERIENCE

EDUCATION

BSc

FV 20/05/2015

ITB
1992 1996

Electric
Power
Engineeri
ng
Chalmers
University
of
Technolog
y,
Sweden
2002 2003
Chevron,
Indonesia
1996 2003

PhD
Power
Systems
Chalmers
University
of
Technolog
y,
Sweden
2004 2008
Chalmers
University
of
Technolog
y,
Sweden
2004
2008

ABB
Research
Centre
Sweden
2007
2009

Jacobs,
Australia
2009 now

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Generator Connection Studies and Grid

Code Compliance Assessment - Outline

1) Background
2) Brief Overview
3) Generator & Power Plant Modelling
4) Generator Reactive Power Capability
5) Stabilities
6) Fault Ride Through Capability
7) Frequency Operation Capability
8) Other Assessments
9) Summary
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Background
Indonesia has targeted to install 35.000
MW generation in 2015 2019
Significant to the current Indonesian
generation capacity
Greatly affect the operation of Indonesian
power systems

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Background
Proper network planning studies must have been
carried out
Network development vs generation connection
Ensure that the network will be capable in accommodating
the connection of the new generators
Identification

Planning &
Initial Design

Detailed
Design

Implementat
ion

Proper generator connection studies must be carried

out to identify what would the generator connection
impact to the grid

Generator meets the minimum technical requirement

Generator connection does not cause negative impact
If does, how to mitigate the impact
Grid get maximum benefit from the connection of new
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Grid Codes
Generators and the entire power system must
meets the minimum technical requirement
Transmission network operators set technical
rules governing the operation, maintenance and
development of the power systems (Grid codes)
Designed to promote secure and efficient operation
of the power systems
System remains stable
Voltages near rated values
Low losses

Also designed to facilitate competition in the

generation and supply of electricity

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Grid Codes
Many grid codes nowadays require
generation to provide simulation models of
the proposed power plants
Generator connection compliance to be
assessed in both model assessment
(simulations) and field test assessment

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Generator Connection
Studies &
Grid
Code
Assessments
Any violation may require
Generator and power plant

modelling
Should Circuit impact
Equipment loading violation
Voltage violation
Reactive power capability
Stabilities
Fault ride through capability
Frequency operation capability
Load frequency control
capability
Excitation control system
Oscillation damping capability
etc.

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discussion/agreement between
generator and network operator
Exclusions
Non compliance impact
Impact mitigation (network
reinforcement)
Cost of mitigation, etc.
Different requirements are
normally applied for conventional
(synchronous generator) and non
conventional generators.

This presentation
focuses on conventional
generators

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Generator & Power Plant

Modelling
Generator & power plant components
have to be accurately modelled
Generator controls (exciter, governor,
limiters, protection) have to be modelled
and set accurately
The model must be in the simulation
platform determined by the network
operator
The power plant model to be integrated to
the official complete network model
(owned by network operator)
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Generator Reactive Power

Capability

Generator reactive power capability determines

the capability of generator in providing reactive
power for supporting voltage and reactive power
control
Reactive power plays important role in steady
state voltage control and voltage stability
Reactive power sources
Generator
Capacitor/reactor
SVC, STATCOM

Lacking of reactive power from one source needs

to be compensated by the other source (but note
that reactive power is local need)
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Reactive Power Capability

Impact
Dynamic

Steady State

Lacking Absorption
Capability

Overvoltage

Voltage higher than

the desired level

Sufficient
Capability

Voltage back within

acceptable range

Voltage maintained at
the desired level

Lacking Generation
Capability

Undervoltage
(voltage collapse)

Voltage lower than

the desired level

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System Lacking Reactive Power

Generation Capability
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5 (pu)
Voltage
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1

1.9

3.9

5.9

7.9

9.9

Time (s)
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System Lacking Reactive Power

Absorption Capability
1.4
1.2
1
0.8 (pu)
Voltage
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.1

1.9

3.9

5.9

7.9

9.9

Time (s)

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Requirement on Generator
Minimum Reactive Power
Capability
1

Rated power

NEM
Ireland
Eirgrid
SWIS
UK
NGET
-0.7 pf
-0.9 pf

0.8

0.6
Active power, P (pu)
0.4

0.2

minimum load (assumed)

0
-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

Reactive Power, Q (pu)

NEMA : National Electricity Market Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, SouthAustraliaand
Tasmania)
SWIS : South West Interconnected System (Western Australia)
For UK NGET :
At Active Power output levels other than Rated MW, Synchronous Generating Units must be capable
of continuous operation at any point between the Reactive Power capability limits identified on the
Generator Performance Chart.
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Different grid codes have

different requirement
TIGHT requirement
Reduced Efficiency
Expensive Equipment

LOOSE requirement
Network reinforcement to maintain reliabilit
Otherwise, compromised system reliability

Key issues :
- Equal treatment among participants
- Network operator get what they set
- Network planning determined requirement
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Stabilities
Power system operation criteria
Power system should remain in synchronism and be
stable following credible contingency events

Operating condition
Fault location
Fault type
Fault clearing time
Power System
Stability

Rotor Angle
Stability

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Frequency
Stability

Voltage
Stability

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Rotor Angle Stability

Problem

Related to ability of interconnected synchronous machines

to remain in synchronism
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Voltage Stability Problem

Related to ability of the voltage to return to the acceptable limits.

Usually driven by loads
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Frequency Stability
Problem

Associated with inadequacies in equipment responses, poor

coordination of control and protection systems
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Stabilities
Impact of generator connection
Generator could potentially improve system
stability
However, generator could also reduce the
system stability
Generator itself could be unstable.
Generator causes other generator to be
unstable.

Generator could increase or decrease power

transfer capability
An unstable system condition caused by an
outage could lead to other outages
(cascading outages) and shutdown of a

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Generator Impact on Other Generator

Gen B disconnected in 500 ms

210

Gen B disconnected in 450 ms

180
150
120

Gen A rotor angle (degree)

90
60
30
0
-30

0.5

-60
-90

Without Gen B

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

Gen B Stay connected

-120
-150
-180
-210

Time (sec)

Stability of generator A with and without generator B

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Stabilities
Assessment
Impact of generator connection should be assessed by
comparing stability of the system following credible
contingency events, before generator connection and
after generator connection
Simulations to be carried out on a power system
model which accurately represent the complete
network
Dynamic characteristics of all power system
components in the network need to be accurately
modelled
Mitigation for the reduced stability or reduced power
transfer capability may needs implementation a
certain protection/control scheme, protection upgrade,
power system reinforcement, etc.
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Fault Ride Through

Capability
Generators should remain in synchronism and be
stable (remain in continuous uninterrupted
operation) following credible contingency events
Many grid codes require continuous uninterrupted
operation for three phase faults cleared by main
protection
Some grid codes also require continuous uninterruptable
operation for single phase to ground, phase to phase or
two phase to ground fault cleared by breaker failure
protection

Tripping of generator following contingency

events deteriorates stability of the system. It
could lead to cascading outages
By keeping in continuous uninterrupted operation,
generator provides reactive power which supports
grid voltage recovery following fault clearing
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Fault Ride Through Requirements

for Synchronous Generator on
Different Grid Codes
1

0.9
0.8
0.7
Voltage
0.6 (pu)
0.5

UK NGET
Ireland Eirgrid
Germany E-ON 2006

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

Time (sec)

Many grid codes, including all above, have different fault ride
through requirement for non synchronous generators
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Tripping of generator following

contingency events deteriorates
stability
of the system
Generator Stays
Generator Trips Following a
Connected

Fault

enerator tripping on credible contingency events is a problem

should be mitigated
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Frequency Operation
Capability
Generators should remain in continuous

uninterrupted operation within the frequency

envelope determined by network operator
Generators should be capable of continuous
uninterrupted operation for any rate-of-change-offrequency within the limits determined by
network operator
Tripping of generator within the required
frequency operation deteriorates stability of the
system. It could lead to cascading outages

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Frequency Excursion Capability

Requirement on Different Grid Codes

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Other Assessments
Tests
Load frequency control capability
Excitation control system
Oscillation damping capability

Non destructive tests

Model assessment
Field test

Test results for compliance assessment

Results comparison for model validation

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Summary
Generator connection affects network
operation
Generator connection studies are carried
out to identify what would the generator
connection impact to the grid
Generator meets the minimum technical
requirement as determined by Grid Codes
Generator connection does not cause negative
impact
If does, how to mitigate the impact
Grid get maximum benefit from the connection
of new generator
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Thank you
Ferry.Viawan@jacobs.com

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