BIOFUELS

By: Acero
Cos
Enopia
Senaban

What is biofuel?
Biofuelsare non-fossil fuels. They
are energy carriers that store the
energy derived from organic
materials (biomass), including plant
materials and animal waste.

Types of Biofuels

Second generation
biofuels greener
- from sustainable
feedstock.
First generation
biofuels
- from sugar,
starch, or vegetable
oil.

Advantages of Biofuels

Disadvantages of Biofuels
Regional Suitability
Food Security
Land Use Changes
Impact on Biodiversity

HISTORY
Rudolf Diesel

Rudolf Diesel and the diesel

engine

German thermal engineer who

invented the internal-combustion
enginethat bears his name.

Diesel devoted much of his time to

the self-imposed task of
developing an internal
combustion enginethat would
approach the theoretical efficiency
of theCarnot cycle.

The Diesel Engine

Diesels Third Test Engine Used in the Successful 1897 Acceptance
Test
1 cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, air injection of fuel
Output: 14.7 kW (20 hp)
Fuel consumption: 317 g/kWh (238 g/hp-hr)
Efficiency: 26.2%
Number of revolutions: 172 min-1
Displacement volume: 19.6 L
Bore: 250 mm
Stroke: 400 mm

DIESEL ENGINE
The diesel engine is an internal-combustion, compression-ignition mechanism
which works by heating fuels (either petroleum-based or bio-derived) and
causing the fuel to ignite. Driven solely by high compression in its cylinders,
the diesel engine is generally more energy-efficient, quieter, and needs less
maintenance and repairs than other internal combustion engines.
Diesel engines can be worked on earth-nut oil without any difficulty

1.Intake: Air (light blue) is drawn into the cylinder

HOW DOES THE DIESEL
ENGINE
WORK?
through
the open
green air inlet valve on the right as
the piston moves down.
2.Compression: The inlet valve closes, the piston
moves up, and compresses the air mixture, heating it
up. Fuel (dark blue) is injected into the hot gas
through the central fuel injection valve and
spontaneously ignites. Unlike with a gas engine, no
sparking plug is needed to make this happen.
3. Power: As the air fuel mixture ignites and burns, it
pushes the piston down, driving the crankshaft (red
wheel at bottom) that sends power to the wheels.
4. Exhaust: The green outlet valve on the left opens to
let out the exhaust gases, pushed out by the returning
piston

FIRST GENERATION
BIOFUELS

Ethanolandbiodieselare

the most widely used first

generationBiofuels.
Ethanol can be produced throughfermentationand distillation
from any raw material containing significant amounts of sugar
(e.g sugar cane or sugar beet) orstarch(e.g maize, wheat or
cassava).
Biodieselis produced by chemically combining vegetable oil or
animal fat with analcohol.

Biodiesel
To obtain biodiesel, the vegetable oil or animal fat is subjected to a chemical
reaction termed transesterification. In that reaction, the vegetable oil or
animal fat is reacted in the presence of a catalyst (usually a base) with an
alcohol (usually methanol) to give the corresponding alkyl esters (or for
methanol, the methylesters)of the fatty acid mixture that is found in the
parent vegetable oil or animal fat.

Advantages

Disadvantages

Cost benefit

High cost of production

Easy to source

Monoculture

Renewable

Effects of using fertilizers

Lower levels of pollution

Shortage of food

Economic security

Industrial pollution

Reduce dependence on foreign oils

Excessive water use

bioethanol
used as a petroleum substitute is bioethanol. Bioethanol is
mainly produced by the sugar fermentation process,
although it can also be produced by the chemical process of
reacting ethylene with steam. The main source of sugar
required to produce ethanol comes from fuel or energy
crops. These fuel crops are normally grown specifically for
energy use and include maize, corn and wheat crops, waste
straw, willow, sawdust, reed canary grass, cord grasses,
jerusalem artichoke, myscanthus and sorghum plants.
Used in Otto engines

Bioethanol

BIOETHANOL
Advantages

Disadvantages

Green fuel production

Increased price of the vegetable from which the ethanol is derived

Less pollutants being produced

Large arable land is required

Reduced need on depending on oil

Environmental problems that may arise

Being highly corrosive

SECONDRY
BIOFUELS

biogas
is the name that receives the methane produced through
anaerobic digestion of organic material.
is produced by the process of anaerobic digestion of organic
material by anaerobes.
The solid byproduct, digestate, can be used as a biofuel or a
fertilizer.

Biogas

biohydrogen
A select group of green algae (including Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii) and cyanobacteria offer an alternative route to
renewable H2 production. These have evolved the ability to
use solar energy to produce H2 from water.
Microbes are grown in special bioreactors and provided with
the energy and nutrients that they need including, sunlight,
waste organic material, CO2 from the air or from
conventional gas plants.

Biohydrogen