DC MACHINES

MOTORS
&
GENERATORS
Presented By
RITU K R
Assistant Professor (EE)
SISTec-E
BHOPAL

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC GENERATOR

Operating Principle
According to Faradays laws of electromagnetic induction
, whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic
field (OR a conductor is moved in a magnetic field), an
emf (electromotive force) gets induced in the conductor.
The magnitude of induced emf can be calculated from
theemf equation of dc generator . If the conductor is
provided with the closed path, the induced current will
circulate within the path. In a DC generator, field coils
produce anelectromagnetic field and the armature
conductors are rotated into the field. Thus, an
electromagnetically induced emf is generated in the
armature conductors. The direction of induced current is
given by Flemings right hand rule .

Flemings left hand rule

for Generators

The statement
This rule states "Hold out the right hand
with the first finger, second finger and
thumb at right angle to each other. If
forefinger represents the direction of the
line of force, the thumb points in the
direction of motion or applied force, then
second finger points in the direction of the
induced current.

It is seen that in the first half of the revolution current flows

always along ABLMCD i.e. brush no 1 in contact with segment a.
In the next half revolution, in the figure the direction of the
induced current in the coil is reversed. But at the same time the
position of the segments a and b are also reversed which results
that brush no 1 comes in touch with that segment b. Hence, the
current in the load resistance again flows from L to M. The wave
from of the current through the load circuit is as shown in the
figure. This current is unidirectional.

This is basic working principle of DC generator, explained by single loop

generator model. The position of the brushes of DC generator is so arranged
that the change over of the segments
a and b from one brush to other takes place when the plane of rotating
coil is at right angle to the plane of the lines of force. It is so become in that
position, the induced emf in the coil is zero.

Armature Winding in a
DC Machine

Armature
windings,
along
with
the
commutators, form the heart of the d.c.
machine. This is where the emf is induced
and hence its effective deployment
enhances the output of the machine.
The armature windings are classified into
two families based on this. They are called
lap winding and wave winding. They can
be simply stated in terms of the
commutator pitch used for the winding.

dcmotor

Some Important Terms

1. Pole pitch: It is defined as number of armature slots per pole.For
example, if there are 36 conductors and 4 poles, then the pole
pitch is 36/4=9.
2. Coil span or coil pitch (Ys): It is the distance between the two
sides of a coil measured in terms of armature slots.
3. Front pitch (Yf): It is the distance, in terms of armature
conductors, between the second conductor of one coil and the
first conductor of the next coil. OR it is the distance between two
coil sides that are connected to the same commutator segment.
4. Back pitch (Yb): The distance by which a coil advances on the
back of the armature is called as back pitch of the coil. It is
measured in terms of armature conductors.
5. Resultant pitch (Yr):The distance, in terms of armature
conductor, between the beginning of one coil and the beginning
of the next coil is called as resultant pitch of the coil.

Fig showing the coil span

Lap Winding of a DC Mac

Used in high current
low voltage circuits
Number of parallel
paths
equals
number
of
brushes
or poles

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13

Armature windings are mainly of two types lap winding and wave
winding. Here we are going to discuss about lap winding. Lap
winding is the winding in which successive coils overlap each other.
It is named "Lap" winding because it doubles or laps back with its
succeeding coils.

In this winding the finishing end of one coil is connected to one

commutator segment and the starting end of the next coil
situated under the same pole and connected with same
commutator segment. Here we can see in picture, the finishing
end of coil - 1 and starting end of coil - 2 are both connected to
the commutator segment - 2 and both coils are under the same
magnetic pole that is N pole here. Lap winding are of two types
Simplex Lap Winding
Duplex Lap Winding

Simplex Lap Winding

A winding in which the number of parallel path between
the brushes is equal to the number of poles is called
simplex lap winding.

A winding in which the number of parallel path between the brushes

is twice the number of poles is called duplex lap winding.

Some important points to remember while designing the Lap

winding: If,
Z = the number conductors P = number of poles YB = Back pitch
YF = Front pitch YC = Commutator pitch YA = Average pole pitch
YP = Pole pitch YR = Resultant pitch

YR is even because it is the difference between two odd numbers.

Then, the back and front pitches are of opposite sign and they cannot be
equal.
YB = YF 2m, m = multiplicity of the winding
. m = 1 for Simplex Lap winding m = 2 for Duplex Lap winding
When, YB > YF, it is called progressive winding.
YB < YF , it is called retrogressive winding. Back pitch and front pitch must
be odd.
Resultant pitch (YR) = YB - YF = 2m

Commutator pitch (YC) = m Number of parallel path in

the Lap winding = mP

Q.1. Draw the winding diagram of a D C Machine with 4 poles,

having 16 no of conductors , progressive Lap Winding. Show
the position of brushes and direction of induced emf.
Ans.
Number of poles = 4 ;
Number of conductors=16;
Pole pitch = Number of conductors/pole = 16/4 = 4
For lap winding both Yb and Yf must be odd and differ by 2 Satisfying the
above condition Yb = (4+1)=5 and Yf = (4-1)=3.
Let us start fromBack
1st conductor,
connections
Front connections
1 to (1+YB)=(1+5)=6

6 to (6-YF)=(6-3)=3

3 to (3+5)=8

8 to (8-3)=5

5to (5+5)=10

10 to (10-3)=7

7 to (7+5)=12

12 t0 (12-3)=9

9 to (9+5)=14

14 to (14-3)=11

11 to (11+5))=16

16 to (16-3)=13

13 to (13+5)=18=(182 to (18-3)=15
16)=2
15 to (15+5)=20=(20- 4 to(20-3)=17=(1716)=4
16)=1

Advantages of Lap Winding

This winding is necessarily required for large

current application because it has more parallel
paths.
It is suitable for low voltage and high current
generators.
Disadvantages of Lap Winding
It gives less emf compared to wave winding. This
winding requires more no. of conductors for giving
the same emf, it results high winding cost.
It has less efficient utilization of space in the
armature slots.

Wave Winding of a DC Ma
Used in high voltage
low current circuits
Number of parallel
paths
always equals 2

dcmotor

21

Wave winding
Wave winding is one type of armature winding. In this winding the end of
one coil is connected to the starting of another coil of the same polarity as
that of the first coil.

In this type of winding the coil side(A-B) progressforward around the

armature to another coil side and goes on successively passing through N
and S pole till it returns to a conductor (A1-B1) lying under the starting pole.
This winding forms a wave with its coil, thats why it is named as wave
winding. It is also called series winding because its coils are connected in
series.

Progressive wave winding

If after one round of the armature the coil falls in a slot

right to its starting slot the winging is called Progressive
wave winding.

Retrogressive wave
winding
If after one round of the armature the coil falls in a slot left to its starting
slot the winging is called Retrogressive wave winding.

Here in the picture above we can see that 2nd conductor CD is in the left
of the 1st conductor.

Important points about Wave

winding

In simplex wave winding Back pitch(YB) and front pitch (YF) are both odd
and are of same sign. Back pitch and front pitch are nearly equals to the
pole pitch and may be equal or differ by 2. + for progressive winding, - for
retrogressive winding.

here, Z is the no of conductors in the winding. P is the no of poles. average

pitch (YA) must be an integer no. because it may close itself. 2 is taken
because after one round of the armature the winding falls sort of two
conductors. If average pitch is taken Z/P then after one round the winding
will close itself without including all coil sides. Since average pitch must be
an integer, this winding is not possible with any no. of conductors. Let us
take 8 conductors in a 4 pole machine.

Being fractional no the wave winding is no possible but if there was 6

conductors then the winding can be done. Since,

For this problem the DUMMY COILS are introduced.

Dummy Coil

The wave winding is possible only with particular number of conductors

and slots combinations. It is not always possible to have the standard
stampings in the winding shop consist of the number of slots according to
the design requirements. In such cases dummy coils are employed. This
coils are placed in the slots to give the machine the mechanical balance
but they are not electrically connected to the rest of the winding.

In multiplex wave winding

m is the multiplicity of the winding. m = 1 for simplex winding m = 2

for duplex winding.

Construction of Wave winding

Let us develop a simplex and progressive wave winding diagram of a
machine having 34 conductor in 17 slots and 4 poles. Average pitch:

Now we have to construct a table for the connection

diagram:

Winding Diagram

Characteristics and advantage of

simplex wave winding
In this winding only two brushes are required but more parallel brushes
can be added to make it equal to the no. of poles. If one or more brushes set
poor contacts with the commutator, satisfactory operation is still possible.
This winding gives sparkles commutation. The reason
behind that it has two parallel paths irrespective of no of
poles of the machine. The conductors in each of the two
parallel path distributed around the armature in the
entire
No. ofcircumference.
conductors in each path = Z/2 , Z is the total no.
of conductors.
Generated emf = average emf induced in each path X
Z/2
For a given no of poles and armature conductors it gives more emf than
that of lap winding. Hence wave winding is used in high voltage and low
current machines. This winding is suitable for small generators circuit
with
Current
flowing
through
each conductor
voltage
rating
500-600V.

Ia is the armature current. Current per path for this kind of winding
must not be exceeded 250A.
Resultant emf around the entire circuit is zero.

Disadvantage of simplex wave winding

Wave winding cannot be used in the machines having
higher current rating because it has only two parallel
paths.

INTRODUCTION OF DC
MOTOR
A DC Motor is a
machine which
converts electrical
energy into
mechanical energy.
It depends for its
operation on the
force which is known
to exist on conductor
carrying a current
while situated in a
magnetic field.

Construction of DC MOTOR
FIELD POLES- The pole shoe acts as a
support to the field coils and spread out the
flux in the air gap and reduce the reluctance
of magnetic field.
FRAME- The Frame is the stationary part of
a machine in which poles, and rotor are
stationed.
ARMATURE- The armature consist of core
and winding. It is built up of thin lamination
of low loss silicon steel(0.4 to 0.5)

 COMMUTATOR- A
commutator converts
alternating voltage to direct
voltage. It is a cylindrical
structure built up of segment
made drawn copper.
BRUSHES- The use of brushes
is made for machines
designed for large current at
low voltage.
ARMATURE WINDING- The
winding must be designated
with the most advantages
utilization of the material in
respect to weight and
efficiency

Flemings left hand rule

for motors

Hold out your left hand with forefinger, second

finger and thumb at right angle to one another. If
the fore finger represents the
direction of the field and the second finger that
of the current, then thumb gives the direction of
the force.

TYPES OF DC MOTOR
SHUNT MOTOR
Shunt Motor in
which the field
winding is
connected in
parallel with the
armature

 SERIES
MOTORSeries Motor
in which the
armature and
field winding
are connected
in series

 COMPOUND
MOTOR- This type
of motor has two
field winding, one
of which is
c6nnected in
parallel with the
armature and other
in series with it

Working Principle Of DC MOTOR

Whenever a current
carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic
field, it experienced a
force whose direction is
given by Flemings Left
Hand Rule.
It shows the field set up
by the poles
It shows the conductor
field due to flow of
current in the conductor

 MERITS

DEMERITS

High starting torque

Speed control over a
wide range, both
below and above
normal speed
Accurate seedless
speed control
Quick starting,
stopping

High initial cost

Increased
operating and
maintenance cost
because of the
commutator and
brush gear

THANK YOU