TEMPERATURE

DETECTORS
REPORTERS:
Jay Nelson T. Corbita
Emmanuel John L. Uy
Ram Paolo A. Daan
Emilio Enriquez

TEMPERATURE

TEMPERATURE
Measure of hotness or
coldness
Molecular activity of the
material
Measure of the kinetic energy
of material

MEASURING TEMPERATURE:
The energy of the material
is used to raise (or lower)
the kinetic energy of the
device.
Contact (Conduction)
Thermometer

TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE DETECTORS

FUNCTIONS OF TEMPERATURE
DETECTORS:
INDICATION
ALARM
CONTROL

TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE DETECTORS
THERMOCOUPLES

RTD

THERMOCOUPLES

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION:
Seebeck effect

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION:
Seebeck effect

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION:
Seebeck effect

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION:

CONSTRUCTION:
Two dissimilar metal wires
joined at one end (Leads)

CONSTRUCTION:

Metal sheath
- protective covering

CONSTRUCTION:

Magnesium oxide
- prevent vibration
- enhance heat transfer

TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE DETECTORS
THERMOCOUPLES

RTD

RESISTANCE
TEMPERATURE
DETECTORS
(RTD)

BASIS OF OPERATION:
The resistance of certain
metals
will change as
temperature changes
INCREASE in temperature
causes INCREASE in resistance
DECREASE in temperature
causes DECREASE in resistance

BASIS OF OPERATION:
RTD elements are normally
constructed of platinum,
copper, or nickel
linear resistancetemperature characteristics
high coefficient of resistance
- change in resistance per
degree change in
temperature

BASIS OF OPERATION:

CONSTRUCTION:
RTD ELEMENT
- long, spring-like wires

CONSTRUCTION:
INSULATOR
- surrounds the elements
- prevents short circuit

CONSTRUCTION:
RTD SHEATH
- protective covering

CONSTRUCTION:
PROTECTIVE WELL
TERMINAL HEAD

OPERATING PRINCIPLE:
Change in Resistance
Resistance Measuring Device
- calibrated to give proper
temperature reading
- bridge circuit

TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE DETECTORS
THERMOCOUPLES

RTD
BRIDGE CIRCUIT

BRIDGE CIRCUIT
It is used whenever extremely
accurate resistance
measurements are required
(such as RTD measurements).

CONSTRUCTION OF BASIC
BRIDGE CIRCUIT:
SOURCE VOLTAGE
- allows current to flow
through the bridge circuit

CONSTRUCTION OF BASIC
BRIDGE CIRCUIT:
RATIO ARMS (R1 and R2)
- ratio the two variable
resistances for current
flow through the ammeter

CONSTRUCTION OF BASIC
BRIDGE CIRCUIT:
STANDARD ARM (R3)
- variable resistor
- adjusted to match the
unknown resistor

CONSTRUCTION OF BASIC
BRIDGE CIRCUIT:
UNKNOWN VARIABLE
RESISTOR (RX)
- resistance of RTD element

CONSTRUCTION OF BASIC
BRIDGE CIRCUIT:
SENSING AMMETER
- displays the current that
is flowing through the
bridge circuit

OPERATION OF BASIC
BRIDGE CIRCUIT:
The resistance of RTD element
is inserted into the bridge
circuit as RX
RX is adjusted so that all
current flows through the arms
of the bridge circuit

OPERATION OF BASIC
BRIDGE CIRCUIT:
No current flows through the
ammeter
- bridge is balanced
- current through the arms
are exactly proportional to
the resistance

OPERATION OF BASIC
BRIDGE CIRCUIT:
When bridge is balanced:

Thus,

OPERATION OF BASIC
BRIDGE CIRCUIT:
Most of the time the bridge is
constructed so that =.

Becomes,

OPERATION OF BASIC
BRIDGE CIRCUIT:
A typical Wheatstone bridge
has several dials used to vary
the resistance
Once the bridge is balanced,
the dials can be read to find
the value of R3

OPERATION OF BASIC
BRIDGE CIRCUIT:
Bridge circuits are typically
accurate up to tenths or
hundredths of a percent
Wheatstone bridges with
precision resistors are
accurate to about + 0.1F

TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE DETECTORS
THERMOCOUPLES

RTD
BRIDGE CIRCUIT

UNBALANCED

BALANCED

UNBALANCED BRIDGE
CIRCUIT:

It uses a millivoltmeter
R3 is fixed

UNBALANCED BRIDGE
CIRCUIT:

The battery is connected to

two opposite points of the
bridge circuit

UNBALANCED BRIDGE
CIRCUIT:

The regulated current is

divided between two branches

UNBALANCED BRIDGE
CIRCUIT:

As the electrical resistance of

the RTD changes, the voltage
at points X and Y changes

UNBALANCED BRIDGE
CIRCUIT:

The millivoltmeter detects the

change in voltage

TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE DETECTORS
THERMOCOUPLES

RTD
BRIDGE CIRCUIT

UNBALANCED

BALANCED

BALANCED BRIDGE
CIRCUIT:

It uses a galvanometer
- deflects on either side of
zero

BALANCED BRIDGE
CIRCUIT:

R3 is variable
- R3 is the resistance of the
slide wire

BALANCED BRIDGE
CIRCUIT:

The resistance of the slide

wire is adjusted until the
galvanometer indicates zero

BALANCED BRIDGE
CIRCUIT:

The value of the slide

resistance is then used to
determine the temperature

BALANCED BRIDGE
CIRCUIT:

For each temperature change,

the value of RX changes.

BALANCED BRIDGE
CIRCUIT:

The slider must be moved to a

new position to balance the
circuit.

TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE DETECTORS
THERMOCOUPLES

RTD
BRIDGE CIRCUIT

UNBALANCED

BALANCED

TEMPERATURE DETECTION
CIRCUIT

TEMPERATURE
DETECTION CIRCUIT
(BALANCED BRIDGE)

CONSTRUCTION:

A balanced bridge circuit

modified to eliminate the
galvanometer

CONSTRUCTION:

RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE
DETECTOR(RTD)
- felt as resistance to the
bridge network

CONSTRUCTION:

BRIDGE CIRCUIT
- converts the resistance to
a DC voltage signal

CONSTRUCTION:

DCAC CONVERTER
- converts the DC voltage to
AC voltage

CONSTRUCTION:

AMPLIFIER

- amplifies the AC voltage to

a higher (usable) voltage

CONSTRUCTION:

BALANCING MOTOR
- positions the slider on the
slidewire to balance the
circuit resistance

CALIBRATION:
Resistance bulb is replaced
with a precision resistor
R b is varied until the meter
indication is correct for the
known resistance

TWO FAILURE MODES FOR

RTDS:
OPEN RTD
SHORTED RTD

OPEN RTD:
Resistance will be infinite
Meter will indicate a very
high temperature

SHORTED RTD:
Resistance will be zero
Meter will indicate a very
low temperature

DETECTOR
TROUBLESHOOTING:
Dual-element RTDs
Contact pyrometer
(portable thermocouple)
External bridge circuit

ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCERNS:
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
VARIATION

PRESENCE OF HUMIDITY

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
VARIATION:
Affect the resistance of
components in bridge circuit

Affect the calibration of

electric/electronic equipment

PRESENCE OF HUMIDITY:
High humidity can cause
moisture
- short circuits
- grounds
- corrosion

TEMPERATURE
COMPENSATION:
Selection of resistors
- resistance remain constant
over the range of
temperature expected
Electronic circuitry design
- compensate for ambient
changes in the equipment
cabinet

TEMPERATURE
COMPENSATION:
Use of three or four wire RTD
circuits
- negates the effects of the
change in temperature
Maintaining the equipment in
the proper environment

QUESTIONS??