MAK4041-Mechanical

Vibrations
Important Notes:
The course notes were
compiled mostly from
1) The book by Graham
Kelly, Mechanical
Vibrations, Theory and
Applications, 2012.
2) Bruel Kjaer Technical
notes,
3) Dan Russels webpage:
http://www.acs.psu.edu/dru
ssell
Therefore, they are
gratefully acknowledged.
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdullah
Segin

WEEK-1:
Introduction to Mechanical
Vibrations
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdullah
Segin

What is vibration?

Vibrations are oscillations of a system about

an equilbrium position.

Vibration
It is also an
everyday
phenomenon we
meet on everyday
life

Vibration
Useful Vibration

Harmful vibration

Compressor

Noise
Testing

Destruction
Wear

Ultrasonic
cleaning
Fatigue

Vibration parameters
All mechanical systems
can be modeled by
containing three basic
components:
spring, damper, mass

When these components are subjected to constant force,

they react with a constant
displacement, velocity and acceleration

Free vibration

When a system is initially disturbed by a displacement,

velocity or acceleration, the system begins to vibrate with
a constant amplitude and frequency depend on its
stiffness and mass.
This frequency is called as natural frequency, and the
form of the vibration is called as mode shapes

Equilibrium pos.

Forced Vibration
If an external force applied to a
system, the system will follow the
force with the same frequency.

However, when the force

frequency is increased to the
systems natural frequency,
amplitudes will dangerously
increase in this region. This
phenomenon called as
Resonance

Watch these
Bridge collapse:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-zczJXSxnw
Hellicopter resonance:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FeXjhUEXlc
Resonance vibration test:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LV_UuzEznHs
Flutter (Aeordynamically induced vibration) :
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhwLojNerMU

Modelling of vibrating
systems

Lumped (Rigid)
Modelling

Numerical Modelling
Element-based
methods
(FEM, BEM)

Statistical and Energybased methods

(SEA, EFA, etc.)

Degree of Freedom (DOF)

Mathematical modeling of a physical system requires the
selection of a set of variables that describes the behavior
of the system.
The number of degrees of freedom for a system is the
number of kinematically independent variables necessary
to completely describe the motion of every particle in the
system
DOF=1

DOF=2

Single degree of freedom (SDOF)

Multi degree of freedom (MDOF)

Equivalent model of systems

Example 1:

Example 2:

SDOF

MDOF

DOF=1

DOF=2

Equivalent model of systems

MDOF

Example 3:

DOF= 3 if body 1 has no rotation

SDOF

DOF=2

DOF= 4 if body 1 has rotation

body 1

What are their DOFs?

SDOF systems

Helical springs

Shear stress:
Stiffness coefficient:

F: Force, D: Diameter, G: Shear modulus of the rod,

N: Number of turns, r : Radius

Springs in combinations:

Parallel combination

Series combination

Elastic elements as springs

Moment of Inertia

What are the equivalent

stiffnesses?

Example

A 200-kg machine is attached to the end of a cantilever beam of length L=

2.5 m, elastic modulus E= 200x109 N/m2, and cross-sectional moment of
inertia I = 1.8x106 m4. Assuming the mass of the beam is small compared to
the mass of the machine, what is the stiffness of the beam?

Damping

Viscous Damping