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Competance Aims
ATOMS
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
The Octett-rule
Nobel gasses
ELEMENTS
Joined atoms with the same numbers of protons
ISOTOPES:
Different variations of an atom
Always the equal number of e- and p+
But the number of neutrons (n) can differ
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
Perio
d
number of shells
Vertical groups:
All with the same number of
Grou
p
The 20 first
elements:
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
CHEMICAL BONDS
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IONIC BONDS
11
become IONS
Mg
Mg 2+ + 2eO + 2eO2-
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13
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COVALENT BONDING
(Elektronparbinding)
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OXIDATION
corrodes
Ex:
2Mg
2 CO
O2
+ 02
2MgO
Mg is oxidised to Mg2+
2 CO2 CO is oxidised
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COMBUSTION REACTIONS
COMPLETE:
- Enough O2 available
- Produces CO2, water and heat-energy
INCOMPLETE:
- Not enough O2 available
- Smouldering fire
- Produces poisenous CO and less energy
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REDOX-REACTIONS
- The transfer of electrons
SODIUM AND CHLORINE:
Chlorine has the strongest electronegativity
Na
Cl +
Na+
e-
+ e- = Na is oxidated
Cl- = Cl is reduced
NaCl
METALS
oxidised form
EX: Al Al3+ + 3 eAg
Ag+ + e20
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS
REACTIVITY SERIES:
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BALANCED:
Cu + 2 Ag+ Cu2+ +
2 Ag
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Cu2+ + Zn
Cu + Zn2+
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Inne i et batteri
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A GALVANIC CELL
The saltbridge evens out the voltage difference
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ELECTROLYSIS
Electrolysis of NaCl
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Example of an Electrolyte
CuCl2
(s)
Cu2+(aq) +
2 Cl-(aq)
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ELECTROLYSIS
WHAT HAPPENS?
The power is turned on:
Cu2+ ions moves to the neg. electrode and joins
with 2 e A deposit of cupper forms
Cu2+(aq) +
2 e- Cu
(s)
(reduction)
2 Cl- (aq) 2 e- +
Cl2 (g)
(oxidation)
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APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROLYSIS
Manufacture of useful elements:
Chlorine, aluminum (Norway), zinc
Electroplating:
To prevent corrosion
You dont need to learn about
aluminium production
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