System digestive

Anatomi Sistem Digestif

Tractus Digestivus
(Mulut sampai anus)
- tractus GI (gaster dan
intestinum)

Organ Accessorius
Kelenjar-kelenjar

Regio

Mulut atau cavitas oral

Pharynx
Esophagus
Ventriculus/gaster/stomach
Intestinum tenue/Small
intestine
Intestinum crassum/Large
intestine
Anus

Cavitas oral
2
3
4
5

6
1

Mulut
Vestibulum: ruang
antara gigi dan
bibir/pipi
Cavitas oris
proprium
Lips (labia)
Palatum: atap

- palatum durum dan

palatum molle

TOnsila palatina
Glosus/lidah/tongue:
berguna untuk bicara,
rasa, mastikasi, menelan
Faucium - Pintu
gerbang ke pharing
Frenulum

Rasa

Papilla (sesuai dengan

bentuknya)
circum Vallate

papil terbesar, jumlah

tidak banyak
e. Fungiformis (seperti
jamur)
Bagian depan lidah
d. Foliata
Berdistribusi di pinggir
luar lidah. paling
sensitive
b. Filiform (bentuk
filamen)
Depan pinggir

Histologi dari dua type epithelial sel spesial

Sel-sel Supportive (exterior support capsule)
Sel sel Gustatorius / Pengecap (inside taste bud)

Fungsi
Receptors di
mendeteksi substrat
terlarut
Tipe rasa :
Sour - acids
Salty metal ions
Bitter - alkaloids
Sweet carbs,
proteins, and
sugars

GIGI

Dua set
Primer/decidua, susu:
masa anak-anak (20)
Permanen /sekunder:
Dewasa (32)

Tipe
Incisivus, caninus,
premolar dan molar

GIGI

Glandula Salivarius

Memproduksi saliva
Mencegah infeksi bakteri
Lubrikasi
Berisi amylase
Mencerna karbohidrat
Mucous
Di sekeresi oleh kelenjar
submandibula dan
sublingua
lubrikasi
Terdapat tiga pasang
Parotideus: terbesar,
anterior telinga.
Submandibula: di bawah
mandibula
Sublingua: terkecil, di
bawah lidah.

Proses deglusi/menelan)
Tiga fase
Volunter
Bolus makanan digerakan oleh lidah dari cavum oris ke
pharing

Pharyngeal
Reflex: Spingter oeshopagus superior berelaksasi, elevasi
palatum molle, menutup nasopharynx dan oropharynx.
Pharynx berelevasi dan membuka esophagus, makanan
ditekan masuk esophagus

Esophageal
Reflex: Epiglottis naik bagian posterior, larynx elevasi
mencegah makanan masuk ke laring

Pharynx dan Esophagus

Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx: transfer
makanan
Laryngopharynx:
transfer makanan
Berjalan dari
oropharynx ke
esophagus dan
posterior ke larynx.

Esophagus
Transports makanan
daripharing ke
ventriculus
Melewati diafragma dan
berakhir ke
gaster/stomach
Sphincter
Superior
Inferior
Meregulasi
pergerakan makanan
masuk dan keluar dari
esophagus

Ventriculus/Gaster/Stomach

Anatomi Gaster
Pintu
3

1
2
6

Regio

7 8

5
10

Gastroesophageal atau
cardiac: menuju ke fundus
Pyloricum: ke duodenum

Located in the left superior abdomen

Cardiaca
Fundus
corpus
Pyloricum

Quadrant di
abdomen
-

Regio hipocondriaca
dextra/sinistra
Regio epigastrica
Regio umbilicalis
Regio lumbalis
dextra/sinistra
Regio inguinalis
dextra/sinistra
Regio hypogastrica

Histologi Gaster

Lapisan

3
2
1

Serosa atau
peritoneum
visceralis : lap paling
luar
Muscularis: 3 lapisan
Longitudinal luar
Circular tengah
Oblique dalam

Submucosa
Mucosa
3 sub lapisan

Histologi Gaster

Rugae: lipatan-lipatan
di gaster ketika
kosong
Ruang: terbuka untuk
kelenjar gaster:
Sel-sel Mucosa
Endocrine
hormon regulator
Chief pepsinogen
Parietal - HCL &
faktor intrinsic
Mucous neck mucous

Sel-sel mukosa

Chief sel

Parietal sel

hydorchloric acid (HCL) fungsi utama adalah

membunuh bacteria

Faktor intrinsic merupakan glycoprotein yg

berikatan dengan vit. B 12 untuk memudahkan
absorbsi di illium

Mucous neck

pepsinogen + hydrocloric acid (HCL) -- pepsin

--memecah protein.

mucus lubrikasi dan proteksi sel epithelial dari

faktor perusak seperti asam, chyme dan pepsin

Sel-sel Enteroendocrine

Pergerakan di Gaster
Makanan dan sekresi
gaster bercampur
menjadi satu.

Intestinum tenue

Tempat digesti utama dan

absorbsi
Divisi :
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum: Peyers patches
(plaques payeri) atau
nodus limpaticus di
mucosa dan submucosa
sphincter Illeocecal
pertemuan antara ileum
dan intestinum crassum
Penggantung usus : mesentericum

Anatomi Duodenum
3

Modifikasi
mucosa dan submucosa membentuk lipatan-lipatan (lipatan Circular atau plicae)
Disetiap lipatan terdapat microvilli
Lacteal capillary network

Sel-sel Epithelial membentuk cripta lieberkuhn.

Glandula Duodenalis atau Brunners glands mensekresi mukous:
Glandula Intestinalis, glandula duodenalis, dan sel-sel
goblet mencekresi mucus -------- proteksi dari efek asam, chyme,
dan enzym yang masuk dari pancreas

Small Intestine Secretions

Mucus
Pertahanan dari enzyme penecernaan dan asam lambung
enzymes Digestifus
Disaccharida: disaccharida menjadi monosaccharida
Peptidasa: menghidrololisis ikatan peptida
Nuclease: memutus asam lambung
Duodenal glands (brunnersglands)
Di stimulasi nervus X, secretin, kimia atau iritasi taktil dari
mukosa duodenal.

Duodenum and Pancreas

Pancreas
Anatomy
Endocrine
Pancreatic islets
produksi insulin and
glucagon
Mengontrol glukosa
darah dan asam amino

Exocrine
Acini memproduksi
enzim pencernaan
Regio: caput, corpus, cauda

Secretions
Pancreatic juice (exocrine)
memproduksi :.

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
Pancreatic amylase
Pancreatic lipases
Enzymes that reduce DNA
and ribonucleic acid

Liver/Hepar
Lobes
Major: dexter dan sinister
Minor: Caudatus dan
kuadratus

Ductus
hepatic communis
Transportasi bilirubin ke
luar

Cysticus
Dari vesica felea,
bergabung dengan ductus
hepaticus membentuk
ductus biliaris comunis

Portal triad Hepatid portal vein, artery, and

duct

Common bile
Bergabung dengan ductus
pancreaticus di ampula
hepatopancreaticus

 Jaringan Hepar
Berisi hepatocytes, sel
fungsional utama di hepar
Produksi bilirubin
menyimpan
Interconversion of
nutrients
Detoxification
Phagocytosis
Synthesis darah

Ruang antara hepatocit

disebut sinusoid.
Canaliculi biliaris

FUngsi HepaR
production empedu
Salts emulsify fats, contain pigments as bilirubin (results from break
down of hemoglobin)
No digestive enzymes but plays an important role in digestion by
neutralizing stomach acid making it suitable for pancreatic enzymes

Penyimpanan
Glycogen, fat, vitamins (A, B12, D, E, 7 K), copper and iron

Nutrient interconversion
Detoxification
Hepatocytes remove ammonia and convert to urea

Phagocytosis
Kupffer cells phagocytize worn-out and dying red and white blood cells,
some bacteria

Synthesis
Albumins, fibrinogen, globulins, heparin, clotting factors

Duct System

Gallbladder/Vesica Velea
Menyimpan empedu
Empedu dikonsentrasikan oleh adanya
cholecystokinin dan stimulasi vegal

Large Intestine/crasum
4
5
3

1
2

Memanjang dari ileocecal junction ke anus

Terdiri dari cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
Bergerak aktive (18-24 hours)

Large Intestine
Cecum
Blind sac, vermiform appendix attached (lymphatic nodes)

Colon
Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

Rectum
Straight muscular tube

Anal canal
Internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle)
External anal sphincter (skeletal muscle)
Hemorrhoids: Vein enlargement or inflammation

Secretions of Large Intestine

Mucus provides protection
Parasympathetic stimulation increases rate of
goblet cell secretion

Pumps
Exchange of bicarbonate ions for chloride ions
Exchange of sodium ions for hydrogen ions

Bacterial actions produce gases called flatus

Histology of Large Intestine

1

Circular muscle layer

around the colon is
complete, but the
longitudinal layer is
not.
3 bands called teniae
coli (a band of tape
runs the length of the
colon)
Contraction of
the teniae coli
causes pouches of
haustra to draw
up

Movement in Large Intestine

Mass movements
Common after meals

Local reflexes in enteric plexus

Gastrocolic: Initiated by stomach
Duodenocolic: Initiated by duodenum

Defecation reflex
Distension of the rectal wall by feces

Defecation
Usually accompanied by voluntary movements to expel feces
through abdominal cavity pressure caused by inspiration

Digestion, Absorption, Transport

Digestion
Breakdown of food molecules for absorption into
circulation
Mechanical: Breaks large food particles to small
Chemical: Breaking of covalent bonds by digestive
enzymes

Absorption and transport

Molecules are moved out of digestive tract and
into circulation for distribution throughout body

Functions
Ingestion: Introduction of food into stomach
Mastication: Chewing
Propulsion
Deglutition: Swallowing
Peristalsis: Moves material through digestive tract
1. Wave of circular smooth muscle
relaxation moves ahead of the bolus
allowing the digestive tract to expand
2. A wave of contraction of the circular
smooth muscle behind the bolus propels
it through the tract

Reflexes in Colon and Rectum

Functions
1. Secratin in one location
2. Alternating contraction and
relaxation of tract
3. Material spread out in both
directions
4. Secretion of chyme spread out in
tract and becomes more diffused
through time

Mixing: Segmental contraction that occurs in small intestine

Secretion: Lubricate, liquefy, digest
Digestion: Mechanical and chemical
Absorption: Movement from tract into circulation or lymph
Elimination: Waste products removed from body

Blood and Bile Flow

Digestive Tract Histology

(Assist in local nervous control)
Digestive tube consists of
four major layers or tunics
from the esophagus to the
anus.

4
1
2
3

Three glands are associated

with the tract.
Unicellular mucous
(mucosa)
Multicellular (mucosa
and submuxossa)
Multicellular accessory
glands (Outside the
digestive tract)

Digestive System Regulation

Nervous regulation
Involves enteric
nervous system
Types of neurons:
sensory, motor,
interneurons

Coordinates peristalsis
and regulates local
reflexes

Chemical regulation
Production of
hormones
Gastrin, secretin

Production of
paracrine chemicals
Histamine
Help local reflexes in
ENS control digestive
environments as pH
levels

Peritoneum and Mesenteries

Peritoneum
1
2

Visceral: Covers organs

Parietal: Covers interior
surface of body wall
Retroperitoneal: Behind
peritoneum as kidneys,
pancreas, duodenum (no
mesenteries)

Mesenteries
Hold organs in place
Routes which vessels and
nerves pass from body wall
to organs.

Greater omentum extends from greater curvature and transverse colon

Lesser omentum connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the
proximal end of the duodenum of the liver and diaphragm

Carbohydrates

Consist of starches, glycogen, sucrose, lactose, glucose, fructose

Polysaccharides broken down to monosaccharides
Monosaccharides taken up by active transport or facilitated diffusion
and carried to liver
Glucose is transported to cells requiring energy
Insulin influences rate of transport

Lipids

Include triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, fat-soluble

vitamins
Emulsification breaks down large lipid droplets to small

Lipoproteins
Types
Chylomicrons
Enter lymph

VLDL
LDL
Transports cholesterol
to cells

HDL
Transports cholesterol
from cells to liver

Proteins

Pepsin breaks proteins into smaller polypeptide chains

Proteolytic enzymes produce small peptide chains
Dipeptides, tripeptides, amino acids

Water and Ions

Water
Can move in either
direction across wall of
small intestine
depending on osmotic
gradients

Ions
Sodium, potassium,
calcium, magnesium,
phosphate are actively
transported